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The Cold War Begins 1945 - 1960 Post WWII Information (SP) Satellite Nations The Cold War: 1945 – 1991 Causes of the Cold War Differences: Democracy v. Communism (Wkst.) Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Stalin Violated Yalta Containment Division of Europe Iron Curtain Speech Truman Doctrine: 1947 Marshall Plan: 1947 (SP) Germany Divided Stalin’s Blockade of Berlin Berlin Airlift: 1948 - 1949 NATO Warsaw Pact Relations with Japan China’s Problems Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong Formosa China in the United Nations Korea (SP) June 25, 1950 General MacArthur Quick Breakdown of Korean War (Wkst) Korean War Basics Limited War 1952 Election Red Scare Atlantic Charter Arms Race Loyalty Review Boards (sp) House of Un-American Activities Committee Hollywood 10 Alger Hiss The Rosenbergs: 1953 Senator Joseph McCarthy McCarthyism John Dulles Thursday… Grab the usual We’re starting G11 today… Lots to do… The Cold War (11.01) Happy Tuesday – ignore the dates on the reading schedule…pay attention to announcements Rough drafts will be returned Thursday – however, … Cold War: 1945 1991 Conflict between the USA & USSR without actual war Conflict over the goals each country hoped to achieve in E. Europe The USA & USSR never went to war with each other during this time USA = Spread Democracy (free trade) USSR = Spread Communism & act as a buffer Ends in 1991 with the fall of the Soviet Union Differences: Democracy v. Communism Democracy (USA) Self-Determination: Want all nations to freely choose their type of government 1. Communism (USSR) Spread Communism to continue the struggle between the rich & poor 1. 1. Political, economical & social freedom Control E. Europe to prevent American influence 2. Rebuild European governments like a Democracy 2. Get new markets & raw materials 3. Could help Europe become successful USA ideals are bad 3. Rebuild Europe using Soviet materials & equipment 4. Keep Germany divided & weak Rebuild Europe with American materials & equipment Reunite Germany 4. USSR sees USA as the rich Might prevent another German attack Stalin Violated Yalta At Yalta, Stalin agreed to let countries in E. Europe hold free elections This would allow these countries to choose their leaders = on the road to Democracy Stalin didn’t stick to his word & prevented free elections in Poland He was very involved in the election process & used scare tactics to vote how he wanted them to After elections, he had great influence over what these countries did & how they were governed As a result, Poland became a Communist country Other nations in E. Europe became Communist also Satellite Nations… Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact In this agreement, Germany & USSR wouldn’t attack each other & split Poland Hitler violated this in 1941 when he attacked the Soviet Union USA angry that Stalin had been an ally of Hitler during the early stages of the war Each side began to suspect each other during the war USA thought USSR might be spying for Hitler USSR angry the USA delayed its attack in Europe Because of this pact, the USA never trusted the USSR & Stalin Satellite Nations After WWII, tensions begin to escalate between the USA & USSR President Truman wanted to spread democracy to all European countries that were once under Nazi control Stalin occupied Eastern Europe & wanted to keep it to protect itself from future attacks USA in economic boom after WWII, we need Europe for raw materials & trade ($$) Not allowing Truman to spread Democracy Satellite Nations: Countries in E. Europe under Stalin’s control They had Communist gov’ts. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia & Poland Division of Europe Europe was literally divided into East & West Europe West = Democratic; under American influence East = Communist; under Soviet influence Iron Curtain: Term used by Churchill to describe the division of Europe Known as the Iron Curtain speech Churchill was speaking in the USA on progress in Europe Stalin was insulted by this comment & said it was a “call to war” Everything East of the red line is under Soviet Control Containment Truman’s foreign policy after WWII Originally focused on Europe, but later spilled to a global effort (ie – Vietnam) Prevent the spread of Communism Truman wanted to stop babying the Soviets Truman Doctrine: Gave military aid to any country in Europe fighting Communism Turkey & Greece 1st to get help Given $400 million to ensure Communism would not take over those countries Supports containment Economic & military aid Very Controversial: Some did not like the US getting more involved in European affairs Worried this might lead to another European war 1947 Marshall Plan: 1947 Condition in Europe worse than during war: harsh winter, rationing electricity Proposed by Sec. of State George Marshall Gave economic aid to European countries who agreed to trade with each other Economic rebuilding of Europe Communist countries did not participate (not trading with Democratic nations) Why are we doing this? Communism less appealing after the plan’s success Eisenhower Doctrine The US would defend any country in the Middle East from Communist attacks Just like the Truman Doc., but in the Middle East Deficit Spending Policy of spending more money than the government makes Used by John F. Kennedy to build up & strengthened the military Military needed to support containment efforts Brinkmanship Believed the Cold War was a moral crusade against Communism The US could improve containment if it threatened full military force Ex: nuclear weapons against Communist countries Massive Retaliation The USSR responded in kind to this policy US Military under Brinkmanship: Eisenhower trimmed the Army & Navy, but beefed up the Air Force Air Force could drop bombs A Germany Divided As per Yalta, Germany was divided into 4 zones: US, USSR, Britain & France US, France & Britain unified W. Germany making Stalin nervous How did Stalin feel about the unification of Germany? Soviets controlled E. Germany Berlin is capital of Germany & also divided into 4 zones Berlin was in E. Germany After W. Germany was unified, Stalin was not obligated to allow the USA, French or English to send supplies to their citizens/troops in W. Berlin Stalin’s Blockade of W. Berlin: 1948 Stalin closed the road to Berlin to prevent the Allies from getting supplies to W. Berlin No food, medicine, fuel, etc. Residents of W. Berlin had only enough supplies to last 5 weeks Stalin wanted total control of Berlin Berlin Airlift: 1948-1949 Result of Soviet blockade US Planes dropped supplies into W. Berlin for 327 days to break the Soviet blockade Only reason W. Berlin survived Made USA look good & USSR look bad • W. Germany unified & declared a new country • Stalin lifted blockade in 1949, but kept control of W. Berlin • Increased European fear of Soviet aggression The Airlift Relations with Japan US needs a good relationship with Japan for 2 reasons: Trade Containment China’s Problems • China was involved in a civil war when Japan invaded in 1937 • Nationalists & Communist united to fight against Japanese • After the war, the civil war in China resumed • Chiang Kai-Shek: Leader of the Chinese Nationalists (nonCommunist) • Supported by US in WWII • Struggled with inflation & weak economy • Very mean to his people after the war Mao Zedong Leader of Communist revolution in China Opponent of Chiang Kai-Shek China became a Communist country after the civil war Truman is blamed for losing China to Communism – looks bad Some even thought it was because the US gov’t. was riddled with Communists Mao forced the Nationalists to move to the island of Formosa (modern day Taiwan) Getting rid of political opposition Korean War: 1950 - 1953 Korea divided after WWII at the 38th Parallel N. Korea invades S. Korea North = Communist South = Democratic The US supports S. Korea because they are democratic Douglas MacArthur leads the UN forces in Korea Korea is a UN police action Armistice: Fighting stops on July 27, 1953 Korea is a limited war because no nuclear weapons were used Korean War Basics The Korean War is considered an UN Police action, not an American war No official declaration of war Most UN soldiers were American 54,000 Americans died & cost $67 billion USA was so involved in this war because of containment Often called “America’s Forgotten War” Veterans didn’t get a memorial until 1995 Korea was a limited war: No use of nuclear weapons The Middle East The Suez Crisis: The USA & USSR are trying to build the Suez Canal Trying to improve relations with countries in the Middle East (oil & shipping) Gamal Abdel-Nasser, the head of Egypt’s gov’t., was making deals with both the USA & USSR To USSR: “US gave us $50 million, what will you give us” etc. Dulles finds out about deals & pulls the US deal off the table angering Nasser Nasser closed the Suez Canal to Western shipping, which also affected Israel This was owned by France & England!!! Israel, France & England sent troops & occupied the Mediterranean side of the Suez Canal The UN stepped in & talked both sides down The USA & USSR almost went to war over Egypt!!! The Middle East (Cont’d) Significance of the Middle East: Religion Natural Resources – oil Sphere of Influence The USSR looked good to people in the Middle East because it supported Egypt in the Suez Crisis The Middle East was in the Soviet sphere of influence & this scared the US!!!! Cuba Fidel Castro led a rebellion in Cuba & took control in 1959 New Communist leader of Cuba & friend with the USSR Ike was still President & was planning a coup in Cuba to get Castro out; he was out of office before he had the change to apply it JFK was advised of the plan & used it Castro had taken over US holdings in Cuba; land, oil refineries, sugar companies etc. April 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion Failed attempt to overthrow Castro in Cuba, led by the US The US aided 1400 Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba, nothing went right The US led air strike failed to knock out all the air force, advance groups sent to distract Castro never showed, CIA intelligence was wrong, the exiles were poorly trained ….. Over 90 people were killed & others taken prisoner; some were US citizens This failure embarrassed the US & JFK JFK had to negotiate the release of some of the prisoners & paid $53 million dollars in food & supplies as ransom 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis A year later, another crisis emerged in Cuba U-2 spy plane found missile bases in Cuba ready to launch missiles that could hit any city in the US The USSR supported Cuba & were sending missiles to them Lasted about a week & war seemed likely between the US & USSR This was the most dangerous part of JFK’s foreign policy actions JFK set up blockade aroudn Cuba & threatened to bomb USSR if they didn’t pull back - The Soviets backed down Berlin (Again!!) 1961 West Berlin was prosperous & the East was not West – democratic, free trade, participates in Marshall Plan etc. East – Communist, no free trade, no Marshall plan etc. People were fleeing E. Berlin to W. Berlin & the Soviets didn’t like that; it showed Communism wasn’t as good as they said 3 million people had fled to the west in 3 years The Soviets tried to intimidate JFK; esp. after the Bay of Pigs Berlin Wall Remember, Remember the 9th of November August 1961: Soviets move troops along border of Berlin Within days, a wall begins to be constructed to divide Berlin (east from west) Berlin Wall: Separated E. & W. Berlin Lasted until Nov. 9, 1989 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Created in 1949 in response to the Berlin blockade Fear of Communist aggression Defensive military alliance against Communism – an attack on one is an attack on all 12 members: USA, Canada, & most of W. Europe If USSR attacked a member nation, the other members would come to its aid Some feared this would lead to an arms race between the USA & USSR, & a massive military build up in Europe By 1955, NATO had over 500,000 troops & tons of equipment USSR & Eastern European alliance against Democracy Similar to NATO Created in response to NATO When Hungary attempted to back out, Stalin invaded with tanks, killing over 30,000 people (1956) China in the United Nations The UN recognized Formosa as China because it wasn’t Communist Election of 1952 US has an election year in the midst of the Korean conflict & internal problems Republican: Eisenhower Democrat: Stevenson Eisenhower (R) wins in a landslide Nixon VP Main Issue: Fighting & containing Communism Democrats seen as soft of Communism Truman lost China “The people who know war, those who have experienced, I believe are the most earnest advocates of peace in the world.” Eisenhower did support the war in Korea Fear of Communism & Communists after WWII Similar to the one experienced after WWI Created hysteria Causes: USSR exploded its 1st A-Bomb in 1949 Differences in Democracy & Communism The Rosenbergs: Many scientists thought it would take the USSR 5 years to explode a nuclear weapon 1953 It happened in 1949 & we feared spies!! British physicists Klaus Fuchs admitted giving secrets to the Rosenbergs Fuchs spent 14 years in jail The Rosenbergs were accused of giving atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets Found guilty & sentenced to death (1953) 1st civilians to be executed for espionage Julius later proven guilty, wife was not involved US & USSR race to build the most powerful bombs/weapons Both countries will build a massive stockpile of weapons, including nuclear weapons!! Scares the bajeebes out of everyone – Who’s going to bomb who first? Loyalty Review Boards Created by Truman in 1947 Investigated federal employees & got rid of those found disloyal to the American gov’t. Looking to see if you belonged to the Communist Party or any other organization that seemed suspicious. Endless questioning…. During the Depression, people looked for alternatives because Democracy seemed to be failing Violated Civil Rights by not allowing the accused to see the evidence against them 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th Amendments House Un-American Activities Committee Created on a temp. basis to monitor foreign delegates; full time in 1945 Investigated Soviet influence on American popular culture Attacked the movie industry & accused them of sneaking Soviet propaganda into films Movies, music, literature, art etc. Duh, the Soviets were our allies in WWII, of course the movies made at the time showed the in a positive way! Began questioning movie stars, producers, directors etc. Some were cooperative – others were not To get off the hook, all you had to do was give them a name, it didn’t matter whose name, just a name… Hollywood Ten Those involved with the propaganda movies were seen as traitors & questioned Movie stars accused of being Communists & refused to help the HUAC’s investigation Thought the investigation & hearings were unconstitutional The ten were convicted & served at least one year in prison Most were blacklisted & never worked in Hollywood again Spies Like Us 2 major spies cases fueled the hysteria Alger Hiss: State Dept. official accused of spying for the Soviets Richard Nixon helped lead attack on Hiss, who maintained his innocence until his death Too many years passed since the incident, so he was only charged with perjury & served a few years in jail In early 1990s, Soviets released papers proving Hiss’ guilt “Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of the Communist Party?” -Wisconsin Senator Joe McCarthy chairing the HUAC Senator Joseph McCarthy amplified the Red Scare in the 1950s Began accusing various people of Communist activities “I have in my hand a list of 50 Communists who work for the State Dept.” Unsupported accusations, but won national following Censored in Dec. 1954 after accusing Army officials - Ike doesn’t like Career fails Named after Senator Joseph McCarthy Nickname for the tactics used by McCarthy Unsupported accusation of being a Communist sympathizer Accusing people of disloyalty without proof Dragging their name through the mud, ruining lives & reputations etc. McCarthy probably would have accused his own mother if it would have helped his career He was hoping to run for President 11/1/52: Operation Ivy US & USSR still racing to produce more destructive weapons 1952: US exploded 1st hydrogen (thermonuclear) bomb – 67 times more powerful than A-bombs US had weapons superiority over USSR until 1953 when the Soviets exploded their own H-Bomb CIA: Central Intelligence Agency After WWII, the US needed to know what was going on in Europe Justification for creating CIA in 1947 by Truman Intelligence agency that used spies to find out what was going on in other countries, especially Communist countries or those thought sympathetic to Communism Used secret operations to weaken other countries Ie: Iran: US gave money to supporters of the Shah to get him into power so he would allow Western countries control of Iran’s oil fields (More problems will arise from this action in the future!!) Space Race Race between the USA & USSR to get to the moon Sputnik: First artificial satellite in space – launched by the USSR in 1957 American Education: Changed to focus more on math, sciences & foreign languages US feels inferior to Soviets & fall behind in science & technology Response to the Space Race SCARES EVERYONE (US & USSR) Busted! U-2 Incident (1960) US spy plane shot down over Soviet territory Ike wanted to stop mission as Cold War seemed to be tapering off, encouraged to do 1 more Gary Powers shot down by Soviets 5/1/60 (May Day) Ike admitted to spying Powers convicted & served 2 years, released in spy exchange Heated tension between US & USSR What Else is Happening? • NASA established under Ike Alaska & Hawaii become states in 1959