Download The Annexation of Texas Review - Duncanville Independent School

The Republic of
Texas
1836 - 1845
David G. Burnett
At the Convention of 1836,
Burnett was elected president of
the ad interim government of
the Republic of Texas. Burnet later served as
Vice-president of the Republic under
Mirabeau Lamar. After retiring to his farm
near the San Jacinto battlefield, Burnet died
on December 7, 1870. He is now buried at
Lakeview Cemetery in Galveston.
Lorenzo de Zavala
At the Convention of 1836, de
Zavala was elected vicepresident of the ad interim
government of the Republic of Texas. After
Santa Anna's capture at the Battle of San
Jacinto, de Zavala was commissioned to
accompany Santa Anna to Mexico to
negotiate a permanent treaty.
Lorenzo de Zavala
De Zavala
resigned
as vicepresident
in October. The following
month, on 15 November
1836, he died and was
buried in the family
cemetery on property
which is now part of San
Jacinto State Park.
The Republic of Texas
1836 – 1845
The Texans held a convention at
Washington-on-the-Brazos and adopted
a Declaration of Independence on March
2, 1836. A Constitution modeled after
that of the United States was adopted by
the new Republic of Texas.
The Three Branches of Government
The Republic of Texas
1836 – 1845
Texas was now its
own country, but the
leaders faced MANY
problems!
The Republic of Texas
1836 – 1845
PROBLEM #1:
The government borrowed over
$1 million to fight Mexico. The
government had to pay this debt.
The Republic of Texas
1836 – 1845
PROBLEM #2:
Mexican soldiers still attacked
Texas towns.
PROBLEM #3:
Native Americans still attacked
Texas towns.
Presidents of the Republic
of Texas
Sam Houston
Sam Houston
(1836 - 1838)
(1841 -1844)
• 1st President of the
Republic of Texas
• 3rd President of the
Republic of Texas
Mirabeau B Lamar
(1838 - 1841)
• 2nd President of the
Republic of Texas
• Known as the
“Father of Education in
Texas”
Dr Anson Jones
(1844 - 1846)
• 4th and final President
of the Republic of Texas
• President when Texas
became a state of the
United States
Sam Houston
(1836 - 1838)
•
Problems Houston
faced during his first
term:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Death of Stephen F
Austin (Dec 27, 1836)
Annexation – He wanted
Texas to become a part
of the U.S.
Relations with Mexico
Native Americans
Finances
The Texas Capital
Annexation
• Most Texans
favored annexation
to the United States
• Houston worked
hard for annexation
– United States said
NO because of the
issue of slavery.
Relations with Mexico
• Mexico refused to recognize
Texas’s Independence
• Houston tried to prevent a
new war by replacing the
commander of the army,
Felix Huston, with Albert
Sidney Johnston
– Huston refused to step down
and challenged Johnston to a
duel where he shot him
• Houston solved the
problem by sending all but
600 soldiers home to
prevent further fighting
Native Americans
• Houston worked to
maintain peace with
Native Americans
• Houston sent Texas
Rangers to protect
settlers on the frontier.
The chief purpose of
the Texas Rangers
during the Republic of
Texas was to fight
American Indian
groups.
Finances
• Texas was in financial trouble
–
–
–
–
•
Spend less
Raise property taxes
More customs duties
Issue promissory notes
Texas debt rose to $1 million
The Texas Capital
• Sam Houston moved the
Texas Capital from
Columbia (too small) to
a new town that would
be named Houston. It
was ideally centered
along transportation
routes.
Mirabeau B Lamar
(1838 - 1841)
• Lamar brings a different
approach to these problems
– Annexation – He DID NOT want
to be a part of the U.S.
– Relations with Mexico
– Native Americans
– Finances
– The Texas Capital
– Education – He is known as
the Father of Education
because he set aside land
for public schools.
Annexation
• Lamar was against
annexation.
• He wanted Texas to
remain independent.
• He dreamed that
one day Texas
would stretch all the
way to the Pacific
Ocean.
Relations with Mexico
• Lamar sent the new
Texas Navy to help
Yucatecan rebels fight
Mexico
• Lamar organized the
Santa Fe Expedition
– Army sent to convince New
Mexico that it was part of
Texas
– Expedition ran out of
supplies and surrendered to
Mexican troops
– Prisoners taken to Mexico
– The failure of the Santa Fe
Expedition ended Lamar’s dream
of expanding Texas
Native Americans
• Lamar wanted to kill or drive all
Native Americans out of Texas
• Battle of the Neches: 100
Cherokees killed including Chief
Bowles for not leaving their land
• Council House Fight: Comanche
chiefs killed when they came to
peace talks in San Antonio.
Because of this, several American
Indian groups distrusted and
violently resisted the Texas
government.
• Battle of Plum Creek: 100
Comanches killed in ambush after a
large raid on Anglo settlements
Finances
• Issued more promissory notes called “red backs”
• Offered land to families moving to Texas
• Debt rose to almost $7 million because he
created the Navy and fought American Indian
groups.
The Texas Capital
• Moved the capital to a new
location on the Colorado
River called Waterloo.
• It would later be renamed
Austin in honor of Stephen
F Austin.
Education
• Lamar is best known
for his contributions
to public education.
• He sat aside land in
each county for
public schools.
Sam Houston
(1841 - 1844)
• Texas would again
try to join the United
States.
• Houston would work
to improve relations
with Native
Americans.
• Houston would cut
spending and sell
the Texas Navy.
New Problems with Mexico
• Mexico invaded Texas
twice during 1842
capturing San Antonio
each time.
• Houston sent General
Somervell to protect the
border.
– Some troops disobeyed
orders and attacked
Mexico; this was called
the Mier Expedition.
– The Texans were
captured and some were
executed in the Drawing
of the Black Beans.
The Texas Capital
• Sam Houston wanted to
move the capital back to
Houston.
• Angelina Eberly and the
citizens of Austin
wanted the capital to
stay
– In the Archives War,
Austin residents shot at
Houston’s men who came
to take the state archives.
– The capital stayed in
Austin.
Dr. Anson Jones
(1844 - 1846)
• Jones followed most of
Houston’s policies
including pushing for
annexation.
• While Jones was president,
Texas was annexed (joined)
by the United States
through a joint resolution in
Congress. Dr. Anson Jones
transitioned the
independent nation of
Texas into a state of the
United States.
Texas became the 28th
state on
December 29, 1845.
Texas became the
28th state on
December 29, 1845.
U.S.-Mexico War
• The Rio Grande border was another cause of the
war. Mexico believed that the border was
actually the Nueces River, about 200 miles north
of the Rio Grande. Texans and the U.S. claimed
the Rio Grande as the border.
• The Mexican American War, lasted just under 2
years from April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848. The
treaty that ended the war was called the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo. Since the US won, they got
to set the terms.
How did the outcome of
the U.S.-Mexico War
impact Texas?
The Rio Grande was accepted as the official
border.
Texas Immigration
• The population of the newly
created State of Texas was
located primarily on the coastal
plains of East Texas.
• By the 1850’s there were more
people of German birth or
parentage in Texas than there
were Mexican-Texans.
Texas Immigration
• Many of the expanding cities in
Texas during independence and
early statehood were primarily ports
located along the Texas coast
• The estimated population of 150,000
at annexation grew to 212,592,
including 58,161 slaves, in the first
U.S. census count in Texas in 1850.
Gail Borden
Famous Texan