Download Chapter 37 and 38 - Greenwood County School District 52

Chapter 37 and 38
Notes
Mrs. Marshall
Serviceman’s Readjustment Act
 GI
Bill of Rights
 Signed by FDR 1944 to provide
educational and economic
opportunities to returning WWII
veterans.
Reasons for trouble between
U.S. and Soviet Union:
 Opposing
political and economic
systems
 Soviet Union was angry it took
US so long to recognize their
communist government
 US upset that Stalin had signed
treaty with Hitler prior to WWII
United Nations
became place where the two
superpowers competes and tried
to influence other nations
 Potsdam
(July 1945) Truman
reminded Stalin of his promise
to allow free elections in
Eastern Europe.
 Stalin
refused to listen/Soviet
troops occupied Eastern
Europe
Truman and Stalin disagreed over the future
of Europe
 Truman
wanted strong,
democratic nations. He wanted
the US to be able to buy raw
materials from Eastern Europe
and he wanted Eastern European
markets for American products.
 Stalin
wanted to spread
communism, wanted to
control Eastern Europe to
prevent another invasion of
Soviet territory, wanted to
use resources of Germany and
Eastern Europe to rebuild his
war torn nation.
 Satellite
Nations-countries that
depended on and were
dominated by the Soviet Union
 Containment-policy
in which the
US tried to block Soviet influence
by making alliances and
supporting weaker nations.
Winston Churchill
 British Prime Minister 1940-1945
 1946-he described an “iron
curtain” coming down across
Europe. It separated the nations
in the “Soviet sphere” from the
capitalist democracies in the
west.
Cold War
brought about because of conflicting
aims between the US and the Soviet
Union.
 A state of hostility but no military
action.
 Late 1940’s until 1991 (with break up
of the Soviet Union)
 Each country tried to spread its
political and economic influence
throughout the world.

US’s first test of containment:
when Greece and Turkey needed
economic and military aid in 1947.
 Truman
Doctrine-president
argued that aid should be sent to
any nation trying to stop
Communists from taking over.
Congress agreed. Aid was sent to
Greece and Turkey
 George
State
Marshall-US Secretary of
 Marshall
Plan-Wanted to send aid
to nations that cooperated with
American economic goals
Why Congress approved the
Marshall Plan:
 Soviet
troops took over
Czechoslovakia in 1948.
 Congress saw need for strong,
stable governments to resist
communism.
 Marshall Plan was a great
success in rebuilding
 Western Europe and halting the
spread of communism
Soviets and western world
disagreed over Germany.
Soviets wanted to keep it weak
and divided.
Western allies thought Europe
would be more stable if
Germany was united and
productive.
GB, France, US joined their
occupied zones into the nation
of West Germany. Berlin, the
capital, was also divided into 4
occupied zones but Berlin was
in Soviet controlled East
Germany.
The part of Berlin occupied by
GB, France and US was known as
West Berlin
Soviets cut off all
transportation to West Berlin.
Soviets said they would hold
city of West Berlin “hostage
until the west gave up idea of
German reunification.
Berlin Airlift
For 327 days planes brought food
and supplies to West Berlin.
Soviets finally gave up the
blockade.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 NATO
 April
4, 1949
 Because of worry over Soviet
aggression the US, Canada and
10 European Nations formed a
defensive military alliance. They
agreed that an attack on one was
an attack on all.
Election of 1948
 Republicans-Thomas
Dewey
 Democrats –re-nominated Harry
Truman. Strong civil rights
platform led to southerners
walking out and forming their
own party
 Dixiecrats- Strom Thurmond, the
Governor of S.C.
Truman won
Democrats retained majority in
Congress
Communist and China-WWII
interrupted Civil War in China.
Two sides in China joined
forces to fight Japan.
 Mao Zedong was leader of the
communist forces in China
which was in the north.
 Chiang Kai-shek led the
nationalist forces in the south
Communist and Nationalist fought
for control of China.
U.S. supported Nationalist who
was anti-communist. Truman
refused to send troops but sent aid
to help them fight communism.
 1949
the nationalist and Chiang
Kai-shek had to flee to Taiwan
(Formosa) an island off the coast
of China.
 China
was now communist.
Korean War
 Japan
had ruled Korea since
1910.
 End of WWII, Japanese forces in
North surrendered to the Soviets.
 Forces in South Japan
surrendered to Americans
Two nations developed:
North Korea and South Korea
 They were separated by the 38th
parallel-an imaginary line that
divides Korea.
 1948- South Korea became an
independent nation
 North Korea became a
communist nation.
 Both claimed the right to rule
Korea.
Cause of Korean War:
June 1950 when North Korea
invaded South Korea
Truman’s reaction:
Afraid another Asian nation was
going to fall to communism-he
ordered air and naval support for
South Korea
UN agreed to help South Korea.
Troops from 16 nations were sent
to South Korea. Troops were led
by General Douglas MacArthur
Korean War
North Korea conquered South Korean
capital of Seoul
 MacArthur launched counterattackNorth Korean army surrendered
 Oct. 1950 UN told MacArthur to cross
38th parallel and reunite Korea
 China opposed UN moving into North
Korea

 UN
ignored threat. Chinese
troops entered North Korea and
drove UN forces back
 January 1951 Communist
recaptures Seoul
 Fighting continues for 2 years
 MacArthur wanted to extend war
into China. Truman against it
because the Soviets were allies
of China –afraid it would cause
WWIII
 MacArthur
pushes his plan.
Truman removes him for
insubordination April 11, 1951
 June 1951 a cease-fire went into
effect. Both sides agreed on a
demilitarized zone(area where
military forces are not allowed)
 July 1953 armistice was signed.
Korea was divided between
communist North Korea and non
communist South Korea.
1952 Election
 Republican-Dwight
David Eisenhower
 Democrat- Adlai Stevenson(Illinois
Governor)
 Eisenhower
won.
 Vice-President was Richard Nixon
 Ended 20 years of Democratic rule
2 spy cases which added to fear of
communism:
Alger Hiss an official of State
Department was accused of spying for
Soviet Union. Documents implicated
him. He claimed they were forgeries.
Hiss was convicted of perjury for
lying about the documents and went
to jail.
 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg- executed
for espionage in 1953. Were
convicted of giving American atomic
secrets to the USSR during WWII

William Levitt
Levittown -1st “Levittown” was on
New York’s Long Island. Perfected
the art of mass-producing houses
by dividing construction process
into steps

Taft Hartley Act
 1947
 Passed
to check the growing
power of labor unions. Delivered
a major blow to labor by
outlawing the “closed” (all
union) shops
Joseph McCarthy
 Republican
senator from
Wisconsin who claimed
communist were taking over the
government and that the
Democrats were responsible for
allowing the Communist
infiltration.
 No evidence was ever produced
to support the charges.
 These
unsupported attacks on
suspected communist became
known as McCarthyism.
 He even made accusations
against the US Army-he lost
support when no evidence was
produced.
African-Americans
 1950-
15 million African American
citizens-2/3 of them lived in the
South
 Jim Crow laws
 Thurgood Marshall( NAACP chief
legal counsel-later Supreme Court
Justice
 Sweatt
v Painter Montgomery bus boycott- began with
Rosa Parks
 Earl Warren-Chief Justice of the US
Supreme Court- appointed by
Eisenhower
 Brown v Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas-May 1954-ruled
segregation in public school was
unconstitutional
 Little
Rock,Arkansas-Central High
School-Eisenhower sent 10,000
National Guardsmen and 1,000
paratroopers to control mobs and
enable blacks to enroll at Central
High in the fall of 1957
 Civil Rights Act of 1957-aimed to
ensure that all African-Americans
could exercise their right to vote
 Southern
Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC) founded by
Martin Luther King Jr. in 1957-aimed
to mobilize the power of the black
churches on behalf of rights of
blacks.
Greensboro Sit-In
 February
1, 1960
 4 college freshmen demanded
service at the whites-only lunch
counter at Woolworth’s
Interstate Highway Act
 1956
 $27
billion plan to build 42,000 miles
of highways
 1949-
the Soviet Union
exploded its first atomic bomb
 1952
–President Truman
authorized work on the
hydrogen bomb
 1953-
the Soviets tested their
own H-bomb
Twenty Second Amendment
(1951)
Limits a president to two terms
or ten years in office
Arms Race competition between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union to see
who could make the most
nuclear weapons.
 It began because the U.S. and
the Soviet Union did not trust
one another. Many Americans
feared a nuclear attack. Airraids and fallout shelters
became common.
John Foster Dulles
 President Eisenhower’s Secretary
of State
 Very anti-communist. Said the US
must not compromise, that we
must be prepared to use all our
weapons against any aggressor.
 This willingness to go to the
edge, or brink of war was called
brinkmanship.
Central Intelligence Agency
President Eisenhower relied on the
CIA for information about the
Soviet Union. They used spies to
gather information abroad. They
carried out covert actions (secret
operations) to weaken or
overthrow governments unfriendly
to the U.S
 Joseph
Stalin died in 1953
 At
first tensions eased between
the superpowers (referred to as
a “thaw” in the Cold war)
 Nikita
Stalin.
Khrushchev replaced
West Germany joined NATO.
Soviet Union formed a military
alliance with its satellite
nations in 1955. This was called
the Warsaw Pact.
 1956
a crisis developed in the
Middle East.
 Suez
Canal is in Egypt. It was
owned by Britain and France
(who had built it) Egypt seized
control of the canal. Egypt was
an ally of the Soviet Union. War
appeared inevitable.
President Eisenhower issued a
warning known as the
Eisenhower Doctrine saying the
US would defend the Middle
East against communist attack.
War was prevented when the
United Nations imposed a
cease-fire.
OPEC
 1960
 Organization
of Petroleum Exporting
Countries
 Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran
joined with Venezuela to form OPEC
 Cold
War was fought in the skies
through the missile race and the
space race.
 1957-Soviets
developed the
ICBM-intercontinental ballistic
missile-a rocket that could travel
farther than American rockets
and could carry nuclear weapons
 October
4, 1957 the Soviets
launched Sputnik I-the 1st
artificial satellite to orbit the
earth.
 Americans felt inferior to the
Soviets in science and
technology.
 America made changes in
education and launched its 1st
satellite January 31, 1958.
What hurt Eisenhower’s ability to
deal with the Soviets?
US had been flying spy missions
over the Soviet Union
May 1,1960 a U-2 spy plane was
shot down
Occurred just before a scheduled
meeting (Paris Summit) between
Eisenhower and Khrushchev.
Khrushchev criticized the US and
walked out of the meeting.
1960 Election
 Democrat-
John F. Kennedy
 Republican-Richard Nixon
John F. Kennedy was elected with
Lyndon Johnson as his Vice President
Betty Friedan
 1963
published The Feminine
Mystique
 Book which launched the women’s
movement

STOP HERE FOR TEST
CHAPTER 39
 Kennedy’s
Inaugural Address“ask not what your country can
do for you-ask what you can do
for your country”
 Kennedy’s
programs were known
as “The New Frontier”
 In
order to stimulate the
economy Kennedy announced his
support for a general tax cut
which Congress approved.
 1969-two
American astronauts
(Edwin Aldrin & Neil Armstrong)
walked on the moon.
Vienna Summit
talks held in 1961 between JFK
and Khrushchev in which
Khrushchev insisted the west must
recognize the sovereignty of East
Germany and remove all troops
from West Berlin.
Berlin Wall
 August
1961-in order to stop
East Germany from escaping to
West Berlin. Barbed wire fence
later replaced with a concrete
wall 12 feet tall.
 In 1989 the wall came down as a
combined result of both internal
and external pressures.
 23rd
Amendment-passed during
Eisenhower administrationbecame law in 1961-gave the
District of Columbia 3 electoral
votes in presidential elections.
Flexible Response
a policy that could use conventional
as well as nuclear options to replace
Eisenhower’s brinkmanship and
massive retaliation.
JFK:
 Strengthened the regular military
 Created “special forces” units
 Encouraged European countries to
supply more troops for NATO

Alliance for Progress
 JFK’s
10 point program to help
undeveloped countries of Latin
America with a $20 billion dollar
U.S. commitment.
Bay of Pigs



April 1961
CIA plan, approved by Eisenhower, to
overthrow Castro with an invasion force of
Cuban exiles who had been trained in
Guatemala. JFK approved the landing of the
1500 man force based on CIA’s calculation
that it would spark an uprising against
Castro.
No uprising-1200 captured by Castro’s
forces. Later ransomed for food and medical
supplies.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro asked USSR for defensive
weapons. USSR gave offensive and
defensive weapons. US spotted the
launching pads in its U-2 over-flights
of Cuba.
 JFK called for their withdrawal and
ordered a quarantine around Cuba to
keep Russian ships from bringing the
missiles to the sites,
 Khrushchev agreed to have ships turn
around. The U.S. pledged not to
invade Cuba.

Hot Line
In an attempt to lessen tensions
between the US and the USSR
direct lines of communication
were established between the
White House and the Kremlin
JFK’s Attorney General- Robert
Kennedy
Director of the FBI- J. Edgar
Hoover
Freedom Riders- when they were
beaten in Alabama, Robert
Kennedy sent in federal marshals
to protect them.
Voter Education Project
1- supported by John F. Kennedy
and Martin Luther King,Jr.
2- Attempted to register
disenfranchised African
American voters in the south.
University of Mississippi
African American, James Meredith
tried to enroll in a class and met
violent opposition. Kennedy
ordered federal marshals and
federal troops to Mississippi as
well as federalizing the National Guard
to assure Meredith’s admittance
March on Birmingham
King attempted to desegregate
Birmingham, Ala. Civil rights
demonstrators were met with
attack dogs, electric cattle prods
and high pressure water hoses
March on Washington, D.C.
August 1963-they were
demanding passage of civil rights
legislation. Dr. King delivered his
famous “I have a dream” speech
Warren Court Decisions
 Gideon
v Wainright (1963) a
right to an attorney in all cases
punishable with a jail sentence
 Miranda v Arizona (1964)
requires suspects to be informed
of their right to remain silent
JFK was assassinated November
22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas by Lee
Harvey Oswald
Oswald was killed while in custody
by Jack Ruby
Chief Justice of the US Supreme
Court (1953-1969) Earl Warren.
He headed the Warren Commission
which was set up to investigate
the assassination of President
Kennedy.
They determined Oswald acted
alone.
November 22, 1963 Lyndon Baines
Johnson took over as President of
the U.S.
His vision for America was called
“The Great Society”. It included
civil rights laws as well as
initiatives launched between
1964-1967 and was designed to
expand social welfare and
eliminate poverty.