Download Imperialism

Imperialism
during the late 19th and early 20th century
Goal 6:
Emergence of the United
States in World Affairs
Imperialism:
United States extending
beyond its borders to
acquire overseas colonies
and territories
Reasons for United
States Imperialism
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Economic
– could create more economic
markets
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Spheres of Influence concept:
territories or nations over which
a nation exercised control
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Mercantilism-policy which holds
that the nation should
accumulate wealth by exporting
more products than imports
What is the
message in this
political cartoon?
Reasons for United
States Imperialism
•
Security
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1890: Captain Alfred T. Mahansuggested in his book titled “the
Influence of Sea Power Upon
history” the United States must
build a powerful navy if it ever
hoped to be a world power and
protect it’s interests abroad
By 1900, United States had one of
most powerful navies in the
world
Reasons for United
States Imperialism
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Adventure & Purpose (National
Spirit & Destiny)
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United States had conquered the
western hemisphere, so it was time
to tackle the eastern hemisphere
Frederick Jackson Turner 1861-1932:
FRONTIER THESIS
Reasons for United
States Imperialism
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Manifest Destiny
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united states should expand it’s
borders nationwide and even
past the Pacific & Atlantic
Oceans
Many saw it as god’s plan for
United States to take the
responsibility of whites
civilizing and taking
democracy to the rest of the
world
Reasons for United
States Imperialism
•
Social Darwinism
– What is Social Darwinism?
– United States should exercise
it’s control over “less fit” and
“inferior” races and nations
Reasons for United
States Imperialism
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Racial Superiority
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People like Josiah Strong 1847-1916
believed in racial superiority
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Anglo-Saxon Superiority: idea
that English speaking whites are
biologically superior to other
races thus expansion was both
noble and nation’s destiny
Why did
the United
States
imperialize?
1st Attempt @ United
States Imperialism
• United States attempted
conquest during Spanish
American War
• Rudyard Kipling: British writer
who wrote a famous poem “white
Man’s burden”
Goal 6.01 Practice
EOC Questions
What was Frederick Jackson
turner’s Main reason for
encouraging imperialism?
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He believed in mercantilism
He believed it essential to
maintain the national spirit
and keep the US strong
He believed that the US had to
have a strong navy
he believed it was the “white
Man’s burden”
1. How did imperialists in the
us interpret kipling’s poeM,
the white Man’s burden?
What is mercantilism and why did its supporters want
to see the United States engage in imperialism?
A. Mercantilism is the belief that a nation should
conquer new territories and establish colonies.
Its supporters advocated imperialism because
imperialism would guarantee that the US
exported more than it imported
B. Mercantilism is the belief that white society has
an obligation to civilize “lesser” peoples. its
supported advocated imperialism because they
felt that the best way to accomplish this was
through conquest
C. Mercantilism is the belief that a nation should
build wealth by exporting more than it imports.
Its supporters advocated imperialism because it
would allow the US to acquire ore resources
and become less depended on foreign nations
D. MercantilisM is the “white Man’s burden”. it’s
supporters advocated imperialism because they
wanted to conquer the Philippines
Goal 6: Emergence of the
United States in World
Affairs
Goal 6.02- Areas of United States
Involvement
Alaska
1867: Secretary of State
William Seward
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Negotiated the buying of Alaska
from Russia
Most people in US thought it was
a useless purchase
Transaction became known as
“seward’s folly”
However, Seward correctly saw
Alaska as a land rich in
natural resources and full of
great economic potential for
the US
Hawaii
a.
i.
ii.
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As time passed, these owners gained
economic control over the islands
i.
Also struggled for power with the
Hawaiian monarchy
ii.
1893: wealthy white plantation owners
rebelled against Queen Liliuokalani (18381917)
Queen Lil opposed the increasing
control of the owners
With the help of US troops from a
nearby ship, the plantation owners
seized the islands and deposed the
queen
1898: the United States annexed Hawaii
and made it a US territory
Spanish-American War
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Late 1800s: the island of Cuba was
still under Spanish rule
1895: the Cuban people rebelled,
and Spain sent 150,000 troops to
restore power
As part of their strategy, the
Spanish relocated thousands of
Cuban citizens into
concentration camps
Camps had miserable conditions
and many Cubans died
Pressure began to mount for
United States intervention
Spanish-American War
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William Randolph Hearst & Joseph
Pulitzer
Competing newspaper owners who
began printing stories about the
abuses carried by the Spanish
Often exaggerated and untrue
stories that were aimed to selling
papers – this idea came to be known
as “yellow journalisM”
– yellow journalism was served to
ignite the emotions of the US people
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Citizens in the US began to call for
a tougher stance towards Spain
and a more aggressive foreign
policy
Spanish-American War
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Jingoism- this sentiment came
to be known as jingoism
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one of the many voices calling for war
was that of Asst. Sec. of Navy Theodore
Roosevelt (1858-1919)
when the United States finally did go
to war with the Spanish, Roosevelt
resigned his position in the
administration to become a Lt. Colonel
and command a group of volunteers
known as the
Rough Riders
“a splendid little war”
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February 15th 1898: war officially
erupts with Spain
USS Maine battleship exploded while
anchored in a Cuban harbor
Congress had declared war on Spain
in April 1898
Commodore George Dewey (1837-1917)
Upon hearing the resolution for war,
Dewey set sail for another Spanish
colony- the Philippines
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Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet there and
seized control of the Philippines Islands
“a splendid little war”
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Theodore Roosevelt & Rough
Riders
Roosevelt- led the Rough Riders in
bold charges up Kettle and San
Juan Hills
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became most famous incident of the war
and helped US achieve victory over Spanish
In less than 3 months
United States defeated Spain in
Cuba and Philippines
Americans viewed this as a
relatively easy victory
“a splendid little war”
•
John Hay- future Sec. of
State and good friend with
Theodore Roosevelt
captured what most felt
regarding conflict with
Spain when he referred to
the taking of the Philippines
as “a splendid little war”
After the War
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Spanish-American War ended with the
Treaty of Paris in 1898
attached to congress’ 1898 war
resolution was the Teller Amendment
Teller Amendment promised that the US
would allow for Cuban independence by
not annexing the territory
However, to protect US business interests,
President William McKinley installed a
US military government for three years
to restore stability
In 1900,when the Cubans began drafting
their own constitution, the US
continued to exert influence by
insisting that the document include the
Platt Amendment
After the War
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Platt Amendment- amendment
put limits on what Cuban
government could do
Gave the US two naval based in
Cuba
Stayed in effect until the early
1930s
Finally, as a result of the war, US
acquired the territories of
Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam
The Panama Canal
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William McKinley was
assassinated in 1901
Afterwards-Theodore Roosevelt
became the 26th president of the
US
Roosevelt wanted to enable US
ships to move more quickly
between Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans
In order to do this Roosevelt
envisioned a canal across the
isthmus of Panama
The Panama Canal
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Canal would serve US military
and economic interests by
allowing ships to travel between
US territories in the Pacific and
those in the Atlantic without
having to go around South
America
Territories in the Pacific:
Philippians, Hawaii, and Guam
Territories in the Atlantic: ports
in Cuba and Puerto Rico
Unfortunately for the
president, the Columbian
government which controlled
the territory refused to sell the
lance necessary for the project
The Panama Canal
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1903: the Panamanian people
revolted against the Columbians
Roosevelt provided US support,
which helped the Panamanians
with their independence
In return, the Panamanians
allowed US to lease the land
needed for the canal
Construction got under way in
1905 and in 1914, after battles with
malaria (a disease common in
tropical environments) and
moving more than 175 million cubic
yards of earth, workers finally
finished building the Panama
Canal
Goal 6.03: US Impact on
Other Countries
Trouble With Mexico
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As US was trying to finish Panama
Canal, a civil war was raging in
Mexico
August 1914: with the help of US,
Venustiano Carranaza took over
the Mexican government
Two years later, one of
carranza’s eneMies---a man named
Pancho Villa (1878-1923)
Pancho Villa: crossed the Rio
Grande and killed 19 people in New
Mexico
Trouble With Mexico
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in response, President Wilson sent a
force of 15,000 troops under the
leadership of General John Pershing to
capture or killed the Mexican rebel
pershing’s troops went 300 Miles into
Mexican territory in pursuit of Villa
nearly causing a war between the US
and Mexico
wwi eventually drew wilson’s
attention away from the situation
and US troops were recalled from
Mexico
The Pancho Villa raids ended up going
unavenged
The Western Hemisphere
1. By 1900s, US was becoming a
major player in world affairs
a. In 1904, President Roosevelt issued
the Roosevelt Corollary
b. This basically expanded Monroe
Doctrine
c. Monroe had said that the US
would not allow European
powers to colonize newly
independent nations in the
Western Hemisphere, nor would
the US interfere with such
nations
Roosevelt Corollary
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US had right to intervene in the
region if a nation had trouble paying
its debts
This led to increased US involvement in
the Caribbean and Latin America
This increased involvement came to be
known as roosevelt’s big stick
diplomacy
This approach came from a West
african proverb which said “speak
softly and carry a big stick; you will
go far”
It meant that the US did not intend to
be a threatening presence in the
region, but neither would it hesitate
to forcefully protect its own
interests
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Dollar Diplomacy
Following Roosevelt, President William Taft sought to “substitute
money for bullets” and promoted a policy known as dollar
diplomacy
Dollar diplomacy-belief that the US could best maintain order in
nations by increasing US foreign investments
As a result, his administration encouraged US bankers to invest in
Latin America and the Caribbean and wired US financial help to
China to finance railroads
Unfortunately, Taft’s policy sometimes meant huge losses for US
businesses
It also created enemies among some Latin American peoples who
opposed US involvement and resent US efforts to “buy influence”
in the region
Woodrow Wilson
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1913: President Woodrow Wilson
succeeded Taft and renounced dollar
diplomacy
Instead, he advocated what came to be
known as “missionary diplomacy”
Wilson based his foreign policy on the
idealistic view that it was the role of
the US to promote democracy and
moral progress in the world
For this reason, he opposed imperialism
and proclaimed that the US would not,
“….seek one additional foot of
territory by conquest”
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Unfortunately for Wilson, However, events
abroad would test his conventions
In 1915: when a series of revolutions and
assassinations rocked the nation of Haiti,
Wilson sent in the US Marines to protect US
property and banking interests which had
been established under dollar diplomacy
Fearing that the US intended to make the
country a US territory, many Haitians
responded violently
Following a series of bloody skirmishes, the
Haitian government ended the violence by
signing a treaty that made Haiti a
protectorate—but not a territory---of the
United States
The Pacific and
Southeast Asia
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As a result of acquiring Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and
the Philippines, the United States now possessed
territories that spanned the Pacific Ocean
In addition to protecting these areas, trade with
China became a major concern entering the 20th
century
Fearing that European imperial powers would try
to gain control over Chinese exports and
Markets, the united states insisted on an “Open
Door Policy” that would leave china open to the
US and various other nations for trade and
commerce
Some Chinese nationalists, however, wanted to
bring an end to foreign influence in China
altogether
known as the “boxers,” these nationalists
massacred 300 foreigners and Chinese Christians in
1900 to launch the Boxer Rebellion
The US and other imperial powers sent troops to
fight the nationalists and eventually put down
the rebellion
The US, fearing that other imperialist nations
would use the rebellion as an excuse to seize more
Chinese territory, strongly reaffirmed its
devotion to keeping an Open Door Policy in the
region
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Goal 6.03 Practice EOC Questions
“speak softly and carry a big stick……..” is associated
with the foreign policy of which US president?
– Theodore Roosevelt
– William Taft
– Woodrow Wilson
– William McKinley
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What did Wilson hope to see flourish as a result of
his “Missionary diploMacy”?
– US business interests in Haiti
– Federal protection of citizens in New Mexico
– Democracy in the Western Hemisphere
– US investments in Latin America
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what was Meant by the terM “open door policy”
and how did this policy lead to US troops being
involved in the Boxer Rebellion?