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The Federalists in Power and the Emergence of a Two-Party System Who did the American people elect as the first president of the United States? • George Washington Who was Washington’s first Secretary of State? •Thomas Jefferson Who was Washington’s first Secretary of the Treasury? • Alexander Hamilton What political party did Thomas Jefferson organize? • Democratic-Republican Party What is a political party? • A group of people with similar beliefs about how the government should be run What was another name for Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party? •Republicans What political party did Alexander Hamilton organize? • The Federalist Party What is the cabinet? • Heads of the executive departments • Official advisers to the president What does the Secretary of State do? • Oversees the nation’s relations with foreign countries • Handles foreign affairs What does the Secretary of the Treasury do? • Advises the president on economic issues, like taxes and government finance What is strict construction of the Constitution? • An interpretation of the Constitution believing that the powers of the federal government are strictly defined What is loose construction of the Constitution? • An interpretation of the Constitution believing that the federal government has broad powers Did Jefferson believe in strict or loose construction of the Constitution? •Strict construction Did Hamilton believe in strict or loose construction of the Constitution? •Loose construction What clause of the Constitution allows Congress “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” to carry out those powers that are listed in the Constitution? •The Elastic Clause According to Alexander Hamilton, what specified powers would the Bank of the United States help Congress carry out? • Collecting taxes • Borrowing money • Paying the public debt • Regulating commerce (trade) Who led the DemocraticRepublican Party? • Thomas Jefferson • James Madison What were five beliefs of the DemocraticRepublican Party? • Strict construction of the Constitution • A weak national government (relative to the power of the states) • Strong state governments • An economy based on agriculture (farming) • A pro-French foreign policy Who supported the Democratic-Republican Party? • Farmers • Artisans (skilled craftsmen) • Frontier settlers In what region of the United States was the DemocraticRepublican Party strongest? •South Who led the Federalist Party? • Alexander Hamilton • John Adams What were five beliefs of the Federalist Party? • Loose construction of the Constitution • A strong national government • A national bank • A commercial economy (based on manufacturing and trade) • A pro-British foreign policy What groups supported the Federalist Party? •Bankers •Businessmen In what region of the nation was the Federalist Party strongest? •The Northeast Which political party supported the Jay Treaty? •The Federalists What was the most important provision (part) of the Jay Treaty? • Great Britain agreed to evacuate or leave its forts in the Ohio Valley and retreat to the boundary line set by the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War Who followed George Washington as president? •John Adams What was President Adams’ policy towards France? • An undeclared naval war against France What were three results of Adams’ policy towards France? • Maintained peace with France • Preserved the honor of the United States • Made Adams less popular among members of his own Federalist Party, who wanted the United States to declare war against France Who was the most important Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the early years of the United States? •John Marshall What was John Marshall’s political party and what was his home state? • Federalist • Virginia How did the Supreme Court decisions under John Marshall strengthen the federal courts? • Made the federal courts an independent and equal branch of the United States government What is judicial review? •The power of the courts to declare a law unconstitutional What is a precedent? •An example for future action What were three important decisions by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall? • Marbury v. Madison • McCulloch v. Maryland • Gibbons v. Ogden How did the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison? • Declared a federal law unconstitutional What precedent did Marbury v. Madison set? •Judicial Review Why is judicial review so important to the Supreme Court? • Gives the Supreme Court its main check on the power of Congress What doctrine did the Supreme Court set forth in its McCulloch v. Maryland decision? • Doctrine of implied powers What two legal questions were involved in the McCulloch case? • 1) Did Congress have the authority to establish the Bank of the United States? • 2) Did the Maryland law taxing the BUS unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers? What two points did the Supreme Court make in McCulloch v. Maryland? • 1) Congress had the power to create the BUS. • 2) Maryland could not tax agencies of the national government, which carried out constitutional powers. What did Chief Justice Marshall say about implied powers in the McCulloch Decision? • Congress possessed implied powers that the Constitution did not specifically mention. What laws did Chief Justice Marshall declare to be supreme in the McCulloch Decision? • The Constitution and federal laws • Federal laws override state constitutions and state laws. How did the Marshall Court rule on the Maryland state law that taxed the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States? •The Maryland state law that taxed the BUS was unconstitutional. Who wrote, “The Power to tax is the power to destroy”? • Chief Justice John Marshall What did the case of Gibbons v. Ogden involve? • the state of New York’s regulations for steamboats, which did business between New York and another state New Jersey How did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden? •that the federal government had complete control over interstate commerce What is interstate commerce? • trade between states What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to settle disagreements between different branches of the national government? •the doctrine of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to settle disagreements between the federal government and the states? •the doctrine of implied powers in McCulloch v. Maryland In what case did the Marshall Court provide the foundation block for the Supreme Court to settle disagreements between competing business interests? •Gibbons v. Ogden