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The Federalists in Power
and
the Emergence of a
Two-Party System
Who did the American
people elect as the first
president of
the United States?
• George Washington
Who was Washington’s
first Secretary of State?
•Thomas Jefferson
Who was Washington’s
first Secretary of the
Treasury?
• Alexander Hamilton
What political party did
Thomas Jefferson
organize?
• Democratic-Republican
Party
What is a
political party?
• A group of people with
similar beliefs about how
the government should
be run
What was another name
for Jefferson’s
Democratic-Republican
Party?
•Republicans
What political party did
Alexander Hamilton
organize?
• The Federalist Party
What is the cabinet?
• Heads of the executive
departments
• Official advisers to the
president
What does the
Secretary of State do?
• Oversees the nation’s
relations with foreign
countries
• Handles foreign affairs
What does the Secretary
of the Treasury do?
• Advises the president on
economic issues, like
taxes and government
finance
What is strict construction
of the Constitution?
• An interpretation of the
Constitution believing that
the powers of the federal
government are strictly
defined
What is loose
construction of the
Constitution?
• An interpretation of the
Constitution believing that
the federal government
has broad powers
Did Jefferson believe in
strict or loose
construction of the
Constitution?
•Strict construction
Did Hamilton believe in
strict or loose
construction of the
Constitution?
•Loose construction
What clause of the
Constitution allows Congress
“to make all laws which shall
be necessary and proper” to
carry out those powers that
are listed in the Constitution?
•The Elastic Clause
According to Alexander
Hamilton, what specified
powers would the Bank
of the United States help
Congress carry out?
• Collecting taxes
• Borrowing money
• Paying the public debt
• Regulating commerce
(trade)
Who led the DemocraticRepublican Party?
• Thomas Jefferson
• James Madison
What were five beliefs
of the DemocraticRepublican Party?
• Strict construction of the
Constitution
• A weak national government
(relative to the power of the
states)
• Strong state governments
• An economy based on
agriculture (farming)
• A pro-French foreign policy
Who supported the
Democratic-Republican
Party?
• Farmers
• Artisans (skilled
craftsmen)
• Frontier settlers
In what region of the United
States was the DemocraticRepublican Party
strongest?
•South
Who led the
Federalist Party?
• Alexander Hamilton
• John Adams
What were five beliefs
of the Federalist
Party?
• Loose construction of the
Constitution
• A strong national government
• A national bank
• A commercial economy (based
on manufacturing and trade)
• A pro-British foreign policy
What groups supported
the Federalist Party?
•Bankers
•Businessmen
In what region of the
nation was the
Federalist Party
strongest?
•The Northeast
What treaty aimed at
settling commercial
and boundary
disputes between the
United States and
Great Britain?
• The Jay Treaty
• Also called Jay’s
Treaty
Which political party
supported the Jay
Treaty?
•The Federalists
What was the most
important provision
(part) of the Jay
Treaty?
• Great Britain agreed to
evacuate or leave its forts
in the Ohio Valley and
retreat to the boundary
line set by the treaty that
ended the Revolutionary
War
Who followed George
Washington as
president?
•John Adams
What was President
Adams’ policy
towards France?
• An undeclared naval war
against France
What were three results
of Adams’ policy
towards France?
• Maintained peace with France
• Preserved the honor of the
United States
• Made Adams less popular
among members of his own
Federalist Party, who wanted
the United States to declare war
against France
Who was the most important
Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court during the early years
of the United States?
•John Marshall
What was John Marshall’s
political party and what
was his home state?
• Federalist
• Virginia
How did the Supreme Court
decisions under John
Marshall strengthen the
federal courts?
• Made the federal courts an
independent and equal
branch of the United States
government
What is judicial
review?
•The power of the
courts to declare a
law unconstitutional
What is a precedent?
•An example for
future action
What were three
important decisions by
the Supreme Court
under Chief Justice
John Marshall?
• Marbury v. Madison
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Gibbons v. Ogden
How did the Supreme
Court rule in the case of
Marbury v. Madison?
• Declared a federal law
unconstitutional
What precedent did
Marbury v. Madison set?
•Judicial Review
Why is judicial review
so important to the
Supreme Court?
• Gives the Supreme Court
its main check on the
power of Congress
What doctrine did the
Supreme Court set forth in its
McCulloch v. Maryland
decision?
• Doctrine of implied
powers
What two legal
questions were involved
in the McCulloch case?
• 1) Did Congress have the
authority to establish the
Bank of the United States?
• 2) Did the Maryland law
taxing the BUS
unconstitutionally interfere
with congressional powers?
What two points did
the Supreme Court
make in
McCulloch v.
Maryland?
• 1) Congress had the power
to create the BUS.
• 2) Maryland could not tax
agencies of the national
government, which carried
out constitutional powers.
What did Chief Justice
Marshall say about
implied powers
in the
McCulloch Decision?
• Congress possessed
implied powers that the
Constitution did not
specifically mention.
What laws did Chief
Justice Marshall
declare to be supreme
in the McCulloch
Decision?
• The Constitution and
federal laws
• Federal laws override
state constitutions and
state laws.
How did the
Marshall Court rule on the
Maryland state law that
taxed the Baltimore branch
of the Bank of the United
States?
•The Maryland state
law that taxed the
BUS was
unconstitutional.
Who wrote, “The Power
to tax is the power to
destroy”?
• Chief Justice
John Marshall
What did the case of
Gibbons v. Ogden
involve?
• the state of New York’s
regulations for
steamboats, which did
business between New
York and another state
New Jersey
How did the Supreme
Court rule in the case
of Gibbons v. Ogden?
•that the federal
government had
complete control
over interstate
commerce
What is
interstate commerce?
• trade between
states
What doctrine did the
Marshall Court use to
settle disagreements
between different
branches of the
national government?
•the doctrine of
judicial review in
Marbury v. Madison
What doctrine did the
Marshall Court use to
settle disagreements
between the federal
government and the
states?
•the doctrine of
implied powers in
McCulloch v.
Maryland
In what case did the
Marshall Court provide the
foundation block for the
Supreme Court to settle
disagreements between
competing business
interests?
•Gibbons v. Ogden
What Supreme Court
decision set forth a
broadly national view
of economic affairs?
•Gibbons v. Ogden