Download Chapter 20

Chapter 22
Cold War and Post War Changes
SECTION 1
Aftermath of War in Europe
At the end of WWII, the
Allied nations had
trouble determining how
to keep peace in Europe.
SECTION 1
Aftermath of War in Europe
Victory over the Axis powers
brought on a whole new set of
problems.
To some degree, these problems were
the result of decisions they had made
during the war.
SECTION 1
Aftermath of War in Europe
1943 – The “Big Three” met in
Tehran, Iran
… decided to defeat
Germany on
two fronts – Western
Allies would
attack from the west
while Soviet
forces would attack from
the east.
Section 1
I.
A.
Peace and the New War
After the end of WWII, a new
conflict emerged, the Cold War.
The Cold War was an ideological conflict
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
B.
The division between Western Europe
and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe
was the beginning of the Cold War.
The Soviet Union feared the capitalist
West.
The United States feared communism.
C. In February 1945, Britain, U.S., and the
Soviet Union met at Yalta in southern
Russia.
By that time, they knew the Germans were
beaten.
The Soviets were in control of much of
Eastern and Central Europe.
Yalta Conference
D.
Roosevelt (U.S. President)
favored the idea of
self-determination for Europe.
This meant that each country
would choose its own form of
government.
Stalin (Soviet leader) wanted a
Communist buffer state between
Western Europe and the Soviet Union.
E. Stalin feared that the Eastern European
nations would be anti-Soviet if they were
allowed free elections.
F.
Roosevelt wanted to create the
United Nations an organization to help
resolve international disagreements.
Britain, U.S., and Soviet Union
accepted Roosevelt’s plans and founded the
United Nations in April, 1945.
G.
The Allies agreed to divide
Germany into four zones.
The zones would be occupied and
governed by
France, Britain,
U.S., and the
Soviet Union.
H. The Potsdam Conference was held
in July 1945.
Roosevelt had died in late April 1945,
being replaced by Harry Truman.
Truman demanded free
elections throughout Eastern
Europe, but Stalin refused.
SECTION 1
Aftermath of War in Europe
Decisions made at Potsdam





Germany should remain a single
country, although it would be
divided for the time being.
Germany must be demilitarized.
Nazi Party outlawed.
Gov’t rebuilt on a democratic
basis.
War crimes trials would be held.
SECTION 1
Aftermath of War in Europe
Nuremberg Trials



1945-46
Special international
court
Charged 22 Nazi
leaders with crimes
against humanity
I. Many Western leaders
thought that the Soviets
intended to spread
communism throughout the world.
The Soviets saw the U.S. as
promoters of global capitalist
expansion.
J.
in
In March 1946, WinstonChurchill
(Prime Minister of Britain) declared that an
“iron curtain”had divided the continent.
The Iron Curtain served to keep people
and information out of communist
controlled countries.This iron curtain
divided Europe into two hostile sides.
Stalin viewed Churchill’s speech as a
“call to war with the Soviet Union.”

Iron Curtain
SECTION 2
Origins of the Cold War
United States aids Europe…




Civil war broke out in Greece in
1944 between communists and
conservatives.
GB had intervened and declared a
truce.
In 1946 the communists renewed
the war.
In February 1947, the British told
Truman they could no longer afford
to keep their soldiers in Greece.
A.
In early 1947 President Harry S Truman
issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated
that the United States would give money to
countries threatened by Communist
expansion.
This would not end
communism, but
help to stop the
spread of
communism.
SECTION 2
Origins of the Cold War
Truman Doctrine



Declared the US must consider the
continued spread of communism to be a
threat to democracy
The US would support free peoples resisted
takeover by communism
Asked Congress to provide $400 million to
help defend Greece and Turkey from
communist aggression
B.
The United States was concerned that
communism would spread throughout the
free world if left unchecked.
In June 1947, the European
Recovery Program, known as the
Marshall Plan, began.
This program
was set up to
rebuild war-torn
Europe.
C.
The Soviet Union and its
economically and politically
dependent Eastern European
satellite states refused to
participate in the Marshall Plan.
D.
In 1947, the United States adopted
the policy of containment to keep
communism within its existing
boundaries and prevent further
Soviet aggressive moves.
E.
By 1948, Great Britain, United States, and
France worked to unify the
three western sections of
Germany and Berlin.
The Federal Republic of Germany,
or West Germany,
was formally
created in
September of
1949.
F. The Soviets opposed the creation of
West Germany and formed their
own communist country with their
portion of Germany.
In October 1949, the German
Democratic Republic, or
East Germany was set up
by the Soviets.
Berlin was divided into two parts.
II.
A.
The spread of the Cold War
Chinese Communists took control
of the government of China in 1949.
The fall of China to communism
and the Soviet Union’s
development of the atomic bomb in
August 1949 began the arms race.
Soviet Union and U.S. started to
build up their armies and weapons.
B. In April 1949, the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) was
formed.
This military alliance, included
Great Britain, France,
United States, Canada,
and other Western
European nations,
agreed to help if any
one of them were attacked.
C. In 1955, the Soviet Union, Albania,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, and Romania formed
the military alliance called the
Warsaw Pact.
D.
After Japanese forces surrendered during
WWII the United States and the
Soviet Union shared control of Korea.
They divided Korea at the 38th parallel
line, with the Soviet Union taking control in the
north and the United States in the south.
Communist Victory in China

Communist leader Mao Zedong defeated the
Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek in
China in 1949.
Korean War (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
After WWII, Korea
was divided into
North and South
Korea. North Korea
was communist and
South Korea was a
democracy..
Syngman Rhee
Korean War (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
After WWII, Korea
was divided into
North and South
Korea. North Korea
was communist and
South Korea was a
democracy..
Syngman Rhee
A. The Korean War began in June 1950
when the Communist government
of North Korea tried to take over
South Korea.
B.
The Communist quickly captured Seoul,
the South Korean capital. In September
1950, the United States and South Korea
launched an attack.
Sept –
Nov 1950
As the U.S. troops
approached the border
between Korea and China,
China felt threatened.
C.
China sent several hundred thousand
Chinese soldiers to join those of
North Korea. This combined force drove
the U.S. troops back south of the 38th
parallel.
Nov 1950 –
Feb 1951
D.
In response, General Douglas MacArthur
wanted to bomb China. President Truman
disagreed fearing it might lead to a third
world war.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected
president in 1952 promising to end the
Korean War.
E.
The two sides finally signed a ceasefire
agreement in July 1953. The dividing line
was almost exactly where it had been
before the war.
10 Million people died in the Korean war
136,935 American casualties
New Soviet Leader



Stalin dies in 1953 of a
stroke.
Nikita Khrushchev becomes
the new Soviet premier. He
then visits the US.
Tensions were eased until
the U2 spy plane incident.
U2 spy plane incident


An US spy plane
was shot down over
the Soviet Union.
Tensions rise again.
McCarthyism
The Cold War led to widespread
fear that Communists had
infiltrated the United States.
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy
charged that hundreds of
communists were in high
government positions, this was known as
McCarthyism
This created a massive“Red Scare.”
Suspected Communists
Marlon Brando
Lucille Ball
Walt Disney
Humphrey Bogart

Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg – accused of
providing the Soviets with
atomic energy secrets in
WWII. They were
executed in 1953.
In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik I,
the first man-made space satellite,
to orbit the earth.
Americans feared
there was a missile
gap between the
Soviet Union and
the United States.
Cuba


1959 – Fidel Castro overthrew the gov. of Cuba
and established a communist dictatorship with
strong ties to the Soviet Union.
1960 John F. Kennedy is elected President of
the U.S. He learns that Eisenhower had
developed a plan to use the CIA to overthrow
Castro.
Bay of Pigs


The CIA had trained
and supplied a group
of 1500 Cuban
refugees to invade
Cuba and overthrow
Fidel Castro.
The plan was set into
motion on April 17,
1961, but the rebels
were all captured and
the plan failed to get
anywhere close to
Castro.
Crisis in Berlin
In August 1961, on the
orders of the Soviet leader
Nikita Khrushchev, the
East German government
began to build a wall
between West Berlin and
East Berlin in order to stop
the flow of East Germans
escaping into West Berlin.
III.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
A.
In 1962 Khrushchev began to place
nuclear missiles in Cuba to
counteract U.S. nuclear weapons
placed in Turkey, close to the
Soviet Union.
B.
In October 1962, President
Kennedy found out that Soviet
ships carrying nuclear missiles
were headed to Cuba.
So he ordered a blockade of Cuba
to stop the ships from reaching Cuba.
C.
Khrushchev agreed to send the
ships back and remove nuclear
missiles in Cuba if Kennedy agreed
not to invade Cuba.
Kennedy agreed.
The Cuban missile crisis brought
the world close to nuclear war.
Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis



Both countries were shaken up by the incident
The US, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain
signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty to end the
testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere
and underwater.
A direct line, called the Washington-Moscow
Hotline, was set up between the US and Soviet
Union to be able to communicate in future
conflicts.
IV.
Vietnam and the Domino Theory
A.
The Vietnam War had an
important impact on the Cold War.
Its purpose was to keep the Communist
government of North Vietnam from gaining
control of South Vietnam.
B.
The U.S. applied the domino theory to the
Vietnam War.
According to this theory, if South Vietnam fell
to communism, then other countries in Asia
would fall like dominos to communism.
C.
The Geneva Accord, signed in 1954, divided
Vietnam into two zones at the 17th parallel.
Ho Chi Minh began to build a communist
state in the north zone.
Ngo Dinh Diem was president of the
non-communist government in the south.
Ho Chi Minh
Ngo Dinh Diem
July 1954
In 1960, the
northern
Communist Party
formed the
National Liberation
Front (NLF),
The NLF soon
became known as
the Viet Cong, or
Vietnamese
Communists.
The Vietcong 1960



The Viet Cong began a
guerrilla war in South
Vietnam.
Their goal was to
overthrow the
government led by Ngo
Dinh Diem.
Diem was assassinated in
1963
Kennedy’s assassination


Weeks after Diem’s assassination, Kennedy
was assassinated in Dallas.
Vice-President Lyndon Baines Johnson was
sworn in as president soon afterwards.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution



The U.S.S. Maddox was
“attacked” by the North
Vietnamese.
Congress passed the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution (1963)
which gave the president
authority to take “all
necessary measures to repel
any armed attack against
forces of the United States.”
Johnson called for an
escalation of US forces in
Vietnam which meant
instituting the draft.
The fighting



The land of SE Asia is covered
with jungle vegetation making
it hard to see the enemy.
Even if we were able to see our
enemy, most troops had a hard
time distinguishing between the
good guys and the bad guys.
The US hoped to use our air
power to drop bombs on the
supply line, called the Ho Chi
Minh Trail.
Operation Rolling Thunder
In early 1965, U.S. President
Lyndon Johnson ordered the
first of many sustained
bombing missions over
North Vietnam , which
would be known as
Operation Rolling Thunder
March 8, 1965 – First American combat
troops arrive – 3,500 US Marines
The ground war
US forces carried out search-and-destroy
missions that attempted to drive out the
Vietcong from their hideouts.
The casualties mounted up for the North
Vietnam but their will to fight continued.
As years passed, the US moral declined.
Protest
An antiwar movement began in the United
States as a result of the growing numbers of
American troops sent to Vietnam, which was
broadcast on television.
Incidents such as the police riot in Chicago
during the 1968 Democratic National
Convention became more common,
including the shootings of Kent State
University student protestors in 1970.
Tet Offensive




January 30, 1968 marked the
start of the Tet, which is the
Vietnamese New Year.
The holiday usually came
with a lull in fighting but
1968 was different. The
North Vietnamese had
planned a huge offensive.
The month long battle proved
that the US could not totally
control South Vietnam.
More Americans began to
oppose the war.
President Johnson decided not to
run for reelection because of public
opinion against his handling of the
war.
Richard Nixon won the election
with the promise to end the war.
Vietnamization

The plan called for
pulling US troops out of
Vietnam and turning the
fight over to the South
Vietnamese to achieve
“peace with honor.”
January 27, 1973
War Ends!
Fall of Saigon


2 years after the war ended, North Vietnam
invaded South Vietnam.
On April 30, 1975, South Vietnam
surrendered to North Vietnam.
Consequences
58,000 died and 350,000
American casualties.
 Between one and two million
Vietnamese deaths.

November 13, 1982
II.
Western Europe: The move toward
Unity
A.
After WWII, many Europeans
wanted European unity.
Nationalism, however, was too
strong for European nations to give
up their sovereignty.
Instead the countries focused on
economic unity.
B.
In 1957, France, West Germany,
Italy, and other European
countries created the European
Economic Community (EEC), also
known as the Common Market.
The EEC would impose no tariffs
on each other’s goods.
C.
By the 1960s, the EEC was an
important trading bloc.
A bloc is a group of nations with
a common purpose.
III.
The United States in the 1950s
A.
Between 1945 and 1970, the ideals
of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal
determined the patterns of
American domestic policy.
B.
Prosperity at home and Cold War
struggles abroad characterized the
1950s in the United States.
Between 1945 and 1973 real wages
grew an average of 3 percent a year.
Real wages is the actual purchasing
power of income.
IV.
The United States in the 1960s
A.
President John F. Kennedy, the youngest
elected president of the United States, was
assassinated in 1963.
Vice President Lyndon Johnson became
president and was elected in a landslide
victory to another term in 1964.
B.
President Johnson’s Great Society
programs included health care for
the elderly, measures to fight
poverty, and aid to education.
The U.S. civil rights movement
began in 1954 with the Supreme
Court ruling that made racial
segregation in public schools illegal.
C.
In 1963 the Reverend Martin
Luther King, Jr., a leader of the
civil rights movement, led a march
on Washington, D.C., for equality.
He advocated the use of passive
disobedience in gaining racial
equality.
D.
President Johnson worked for civil rights.
In 1964 the Civil Rights Act helped
end segregation and discrimination
in the workplace and in public
places.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
made it easier for African
Americans
to vote in southern states.
E.
In 1968 protest broke out in over a
hundred cities over the
continuation of the Vietnam War
and the assassination of
Martin Luther King, Jr.
James Earl Ray
Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN
V.
The Emergence of a New Society
A.
Postwar Western society had a
changing social structure.
Managers and technicians joined the
middle class and farming declined.
Industrial workers declined as
white-collar workers increased.
B.
A consumer society developed as the
real wages increased.
Buying on credit became
widespread during the 1950s.
The automobile was a sign of consumerism.
C.
Women in many Western countries
had gained the right to vote after
World War I.
Women in France
and Italy gained
voting rights in 1945.
D.
Birthrates rose, creating a “baby boom” in the
late 1940s and the 1950s.
By the end of the 1950s, birthrates
declined.
E.
Married women entered the workforce.
Women earned much less than men
do for equal work.
Many women worked and raised a
family at the same time.
F.
By the late 1960s, women renewed
their interest in the women’s
liberation movement.
Author Simone de Beauvoir
wrote She Came to Stay
which influenced both
the American and
European women’s
movements.