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A Changing Nation Unit 4 Chapter 12: The Age of Jackson Section 1: Politics of the People Section 2: Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans We’re up to 1824 And we need a new President. Andrew Jackson runs against John Quincy Adams – and loses. Adams had a lot of things he wanted to do as president but Congress defeated most of his proposals (led by Andrew Jackson supporters). One thing that happened while John Quincy Adams was president: On July 4th, 1826 both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died (Jefferson 1st) …50 years - to the day… This was seen as a “sign from God” that America was truly a special place. Actually for a long while the two didn’t get along Remember – they had completely different views on how government should be run. And after George Washington left office those two formed the first American political parties – and they became bitter rivals. Later in their lives (1811) they became friends and wrote to each other often But in 1828 Andrew Jackson does get elected president. People remembered him and liked him as a General during the War of 1812 (Remember The Battle of New Orleans?) Jackson claimed to represent the “common man” Jackson ideas centered around all the people having political power (Jefferson’s ideas?) He does quite a few things and these changes are known as Jacksonian Democracy. Andrew Jackson hard a hard life His dad died before Andrew was born. Grew up on a frontier farm. Taken prisoner in the Revolution (joined at 13). Had smallpox, but mother helped him get better and then she died. His wife died right after he became president. But he: Studied law after the Revolution. Had a successful legal practice. Bought and sold land. Ran for Congress. Became a General in the War of 1812 and became a national war hero. Called “Old Hickory” because was as tough as hickory wood. Jackson promised to reform government And he did make changes, but not always good ones. One good one – while he was president, more people gained the right to vote (but still only white males) One “bad” one Jackson replaced many government officials with his own supporters. This is now known as “the spoils system” Andrew Jackson may have done more to mistreat Native Americans than anyone else in American History While he was a General during the War of 1812, he was asked to make some treaties with Native Americans These treaties were “forced” on the Native Americans. In these treaties, the U.S. government gained large areas of land. At this time in American history… People were hoping Native Americans could become more “white” There were some who tried – they were even called the “Five Civilized Tribes” (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) The Oklahoma State Seal consists of a large five-pointed star containing the emblems of the Five Civilized Tribes in the points of each ray. Especially the Cherokee – who agreed to move to an area where North Carolina is today But right after that, gold was discovered on some of their land (in Northern Georgia). It was decided to take all Native Americans east of the Mississippi and move them to the west. Andrew Jackson felt the U.S. government had the right to decide where Native Americans could live. Congress even passed the “Indian Removal Act” requiring these natives to move west. Most did on their own – to “Indian Territory” but a group of Cherokee didn’t want to. So in 1838, federal troops went in and forced the Cherokee to move west. It was winter – many got sick and died. They had to leave everything behind. One fourth of the Cherokee died just on the trip. This trip became know as “The Trail of Tears” There were some other battles over Native American removals One of these was with the Seminole in Florida. Some of them hid out in the Everglades, and their descendants are still in the Florida area today Around here… Shawnee, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sauk, and Fox were all forced to move. But one Sauk chief came back to fight for his lands. (Chief Black Hawk – but he ended up losing) Chapter 13: Manifest Destiny Section 1: Trails West Would anyone like to know about Jackson’s “Tariff of Abominations”? Or the “crisis of nullification”? William Henry Harrison’s run for the presidency against John Tyler? The rise of the Whig party? Then read about it in your book – we’re not going over it in class The west was really beginning to open up in the mid 1800’s Some of the first white people in the west were “mountain men” These men were independent, tough, adventurous, willing to take on anything. Many of them were trappers – looking for animal skins to eventually send east. They’d spend their time trapping animals. They’d agree to meet traders from the east once in a while. These meetings were called the “rendezvous” system. (a rendezvous is a meeting) They’d then get supplies to last them while they hunted some more. The next wave of people went west because of land Land speculators bought huge areas of land. They would divide it up and smaller pieces to newcomers in the west and make a good profit. The next group came west as farmers – good productive land. Then came groups of people like merchants and manufacturers – trying to make money by selling farmers products. How would you get west? On one of the several main trails west The Oregon Trail The California Trail The Santa Fe Trail The Old Spanish Trail The Mormon Trail The one you took depended on the purpose of your trip For example: The Santa Fe Trail Was for American businessmen who hoped to make a profit selling new products in Mexico – and some of them became VERY rich. When people heard how much money you could make, lots more went – that’s the first time you hear of the “prairie schooner.” From Missouri to Mexico was about 800 miles and the trip might take 2-3 months. One most people have heard about: The Oregon Trail The first white men to Oregon were missionaries. Then came stories about the rich land and thousands decided that Oregon was the place to go. Today… if you decide you want to go to Oregon, you might fly, or at least get in a car and take a couple of days to drive there. But in 1840 it wasn’t that easy. Indians? Animals? Sickness/disease? Accidents? Starvation/no water? Freeze to death in the mountains? Your packet has a “1st person account” of the Oregon Trail Why that might be a good description of what happened: Why that might be a bad description of what happened: The one group people sometimes talk about were ”the Donner party” They became trapped in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and were forced to build a winter camp with little food to sustain them. When the food ran out, some survived by eating the corpses of their companions. It was several weeks before rescue parties could be sent to help because of the Mexican War. Even after the war ended, not everyone could be rescued at once because of the harsh weather conditions and difficult terrain. The last of the survivors reached Sutter's Fort (now Sacramento) almost exactly one year later. Of the 87 members of the Donner Party, 46 survived. And… the Mormon Trail Mormons are from the “Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints” Their religion claims Jesus came to Vermont to Joseph Smith and told him to start a new Christian church in the Americas. Mormons had some ideas that others didn’t like: such as polygamy (many wives) The Mormons were chased out of New England and moved to Illinois (Nauvoo). In Illinois, an anti Mormon mob killed Joseph Smith and they decided they needed a place to live where no-one would bother them This place was out west – to the Utah Territory (their new leader was Brigham Young). Utah at that time was actually part of Mexico. When they got there, they settled by the Great Salt Lake – and they’re still there today. Today, Utah is about 6075% Mormon Chapter 13: Manifest Destiny Section 2: The Texas Revolution Today we’re going to look at Mexicans and Americans And how one group – especially the immigrants are causing all kinds of problems. No one wants these immigrants to be there – they should go back home to their own country. They always break laws – they’re all a bunch of criminals. They don’t understand how to live in their new country. They take advantage of money and tax situations in their new country. Around 1800 There was some Spanish land near the Louisiana Territory called Tejas. Parts of this land had great forests. Parts had great farmland. Parts had huge grazing land for cattle. There were some good rivers leading to the Gulf of Mexico. But not many Tejanos lived in Mexico (Spanish people who lived in Mexico) Comanche, Apache, and other tribes fought against more Spanish people settling in Texas The Spanish wanted more Spanish settlers to move there – to help fight the Native Americans – and keep out Americans They just couldn’t find any Spanish settlers who would move there So they started letting some Americans come – like Moses Austin and his son Stephen Austin. But in 1820: Mexico gained its Independence from Spain. Mexico wouldn’t let them have this land for free like the Spanish did. The 5th of May is not Mexican Independence Day, but it should be! And Cinco de Mayo is not an American holiday, but it should be. Mexico declared its independence from mother Spain on midnight, the 15th of September, 1810. And it took 11 years before the first Spanish soldiers were told and forced to leave Mexico. The American settlers had to agree to live by certain rules: They had to become Mexican citizens. The had to become members of the Catholic Church. Stephen Austin even required that his settler families were moral, would work hard, and would not drink. But more and more Americans moved into Texas (The Mexican Territory of Texas) It got to the point where Mexico said there were too many Americans immigrating to their land. Very few of these immigrants spoke the Mexican language – and refused to learn. Mexicans thought the Americans were difficult to live with (they always wanted special treatment). Americans seemed unwilling to adapt to Mexican laws. The Mexican Government decided to crack down on all these immigrants They tried to stop American immigration. The Mexicans made Texan settlers pay taxes for the first time. They sent more Mexican troops to Texas to enforce the new rules. There’s talk of a rebellion And eventually there is one – between American settlers in Mexico’s Texas – and the Mexican government. There actually ends up being a war between the two One of the more famous places they fought: At an old mission near where San Antonio is today. About 200 members of the Texas army fought against 2000 Mexican forces. They actually held them off during a 13 day siege but eventually ran out of ammunition and supplies. The battle cry of this war became: “Remember the Alamo” Surrounding and trying to capture something The Alamo - San Antonio, TX The Alamo Site, History, Pictures, News, & More Another famous battle took place at San Jacinto In this battle half the Mexican army died in an 18 minute span. Mexican General Santa Anna was forced to sign a peace treaty – giving Texas its freedom, and its independence. Texas became: The Lone Star Republic It was it’s own country (even though it kept asking the U.S. if it could be added as a new state. The U.S. kept saying no – it would probably become a slave state. That would make one more slave than free states. Mexico would probably end up wanting to go to war with the United States – and not just Texas. So it’s true about Mexicans and Americans And how one group – especially the immigrants are causing all kinds of problems. No one wants these immigrants to be there – they should go back home to their own country. They always break laws – they’re all a bunch of criminals. They don’t understand how to live in their new country. They take advantage of money and tax situations in their new country. Chapter 13: Manifest Destiny Section 3: The War with Mexico White Americans saw all the lands west of the Mississippi as “unoccupied” (Even though Native Americans, Mexicans, Spanish, and Texan Tejanos lived there) They felt it was “God’s plan that America grow and expand and take over all of North America.” They called this idea Manifest Destiny In 1845 the United States did admit Texas to the Union as a slave state Mexico saw this as an act of war – like the United States stole this land from them. Some people call this the Texas Annexation The United States tried to make them happy and even offered to give Mexico 25 million dollars (for Texas, California, and New Mexico) – but Mexico said NO!!! The United States wanted this land (it was their “destiny” to have it) So they kind of set up the Mexicans. The U.S. put some troops near the Rio Grande (in a disputed area) and the Mexicans got mad and attacked them. Well, to America this was an act of war – so a war started between Mexico and America… so it was called…. The Mexican – American War The U.S. army won many battles and soon took control of New Mexico (without firing a shot), and then took California. One Mexican officer even said: “God must be a Yankee.” An American – usually one who lived in a northern city Fighting in Mexico against the Mexicans was a little tougher. But, eventually (on 2/2/1848) the war ended. In the Peace Treaty: (The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo): Mexico recognized Texas was now a U.S. state. The Rio Grande was the official border between U.S. and Mexico. Mexico also gave up half it’s land. This is called: the Mexican Cession The United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million dollars. The U.S. promised to protect Mexicans who were now living in U.S. land This now meant: Good for U.S.: Got a lot more land. These new people would be able to add to the culture and economy of the U.S. Bad for Mexico: Lost half their land – and have always been more than a little upset about that. Lost a lot of places that would have been good for their economics (farms, ranches, mines, rivers, etc.). Ended up a minority in their “new “ country The United States did end up buying one more part of Mexico Called the Gadsden Purchase (10 Million) for railroad land (for the transcontinental railroad) Chapter 13: Manifest Destiny Section 4: The California Gold Rush Until 1848 California was populated by 150,000 Native Americans And 6000 Californios (Spanish or Mexican settlers) (When Mexico owned California they didn’t want any American foreigners there) One Swiss immigrant did move there though – John Sutter – who convinced the Mexican governor to give him 50,000 acres of land (for a farm) Sutter was having a sawmill built, and one day his carpenter found some gold on the ground. Well, you know what happens next – EVERYONE (thousands) want to come to California to get rich as part of the California Gold Rush. California was a hard place to get to (way out west and over the Rockies) but people still came (mostly young men though). These people are called 49ers because they started their migration to California in: 18____ Moving to a new place 1 ounce of gold: size/weight of one penny today Today: worth about ____ dollars In 1849: worth about ____ dollars (it would take a cabinet maker about 200 hours work to make that much money) Why was gold so “magical”/special? In the mid 1800’s: it was an easy way to get rich - quick Today’s ways to get rich quick: Lottery / Gambling Investments? Steal Sell Drugs People came from all over the world About 2/3 were Americans. Also: Native Americans, free Blacks, and even some enslaved African Americans. Some from Mexico. Others from Europe, South America, Australia. Even China (by 1851 10% of the miners were Chinese – and they ended up being some of the best miners). Very few women – it just wasn’t the kind of thing “ladies” did. Living there was For one thing, you can guess how men would live if there were never any women around. Miners “camped out” a lot more than they lived in “homes.” Looking for gold was hot, sweaty and dirty work. There was great competition for the best “claims.” And there were always people looking to cheat you, or simply rob you of anything you found. How to find gold: Panning Crevicing / Digging For fun and entertainment: Bull and bear fights Bear and donkey fights Wrestling Boxing Magic Shows By 1852… The gold rush was mostly over. All the easy gold had been found. The government put a tax on foreign miners – that most of them couldn’t afford. There were other gold rushes, but California is the one people hear about the most. Montana, Colorado, Alaska, Central/South America. The gold rush had a huge impact on California – even up to today California (and the San Francisco area became centers of banking, manufacturing, shipping, and trade. Today – if California was it’s own country it would be the sixth richest nation IN THE WORLD (because of all it’s resources and how they’re used) But even though some good things happened for the U.S. – that doesn’t always mean good things for…. Native Americans Of course – again – they lost a lot of land. Many died from diseases brought by the newcomers. Miners would even hunt them down and kill them sometimes. Or the original Spanish and Mexican settlers. Many lost all their legal rights and their heritage. Many lost all their property. Your culture and what you get from your ancestors Enough people did move to California that it could become a state A free state California is home to more than 10 percent of all Americans and a central element in the American cultural fabric. Although more than two-thirds of native-born Americans live in their state of birth, fewer than half of all Californians were born in the state. Rather, California has been an important destination for U.S. internal migration in nearly every decade since 1850. And now there was one more free state than slave states – and that would cause more political turmoil. (people getting upset) Chapter 14: A New Spirit of Change Section 1: The Hopes of Immigrants Section 3: Reforming American Society Around the 1850’s – a lot of immigrants began coming to America An immigrant is: someone who comes into a country. An emigrant is: someone who leaves a country. Coming to America was much different 150 years ago. At that time, about 2/3 of all immigrants came from Europe. They probably came over on a ship – with the cheapest passage possible. Conditions were filthy and people were often sick on the way over here. When they got here, many did the “Ellis Island thing” There are “push-pull” factors for moving Europe had started to become too crowded. Many European farmers were forced off their lands. They needed a new place to live and America had places they might be able to continue to farm. Some countries had crop failures and famines – people came here rather than starve (The Irish Potato Famine). The Industrial Revolution meant people had to look for jobs in factories – and there were more of those jobs in the U.S. Many people left Europe for religious and even political reasons. Freedom – people in the United States could be / do anything they wanted. There were better economic opportunities in the United States. There were millions of acres of open and unclaimed land – just waiting for the opportunity to be settled. One of the large immigrant groups: The Scandinavians They liked that America had a lot of land. They moved to places here that were very much like their homeland – farming areas with lakes, forests, and colder weather (Minnesota and Wisconsin) Another 1800’s immigrant group: The Germans Liked Wisconsin – they could farm and grow oats and grains (beer?) (and for a while the Catholic Bishop in Milwaukee was a German). Many also settled in Texas. Many also became bakers, butchers, carpenters, printers, shoemakers, and tailors. The largest 1800’s immigrant group: The Irish Most were Catholic. At that time Britain ruled Ireland and gave the Irish no rights – they couldn’t vote, own land, or go to school, so some came to get away from that. But… in 1845 a disease attacked the Irish potato crop and destroyed much of the Irish food supply. Over 1 million Irish starved to death and almost 2 million more left and came to America. The Irish In America they stayed in the cities they sailed to – they had no money to move anywhere else. By 1850 they were ¼ of the populations of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. They were mostly uneducated with few skills and little training. They had to take the worst jobs. Irish immigrants often were not wanted in America. Ads for employment often were followed by "NO IRISH NEED APPLY." Immigration laws With all these immigrants cities became VERY crowded – especially east coast cities. Many cities doubled in size every 5-10 years. There often wasn’t enough housing and many immigrants would have to share the same apartments – because of money too). It was also a time without modern plumbing, sewer, and water systems, garbage pickup, police and fire departments, and had overall poor general sanitation NYC - 1849 Wall Street - 1850 NYC – 1850 Tenement There have always been people who are prejudiced A negative opinion that is not based on facts. Some people felt these immigrants would never learn American ways. Some felt they might take over. Some felt all the Catholics might somehow overthrow our country’s ideals of democracy. These people who felt they needed to eliminate foreigners were called nativists People who believed they were way better than immigrants Of course, the only group that is really “native” to America: In the early 1800’s Americans began to believe they could try and make their lives better There were several different ways they thought people could improve their lives. Temperance Societies: (not drinking alcohol) People drank a lot of alcohol in the early 1800’s. Some workers (men) spent too much money on getting drunk and their wives got upset. Many women joined the temperance movement. They were also supported by business owners who wanted their workers at work (not hung over and not drunk). Workers Rights Organized group that protects and watches out for workers Labor unions began to form – and they demanded better working conditions. They’d even go on strike if they needed to – for shorter working hours, higher wages, and better working conditions. In 1840, President Van Buren even passed a law – government employees were limited to 10 hour working days. Improving Education Better schools started in the 1830’s. Blame Horace Mann – the first person put in charge of schools. Boston – 1821 – 1st public high school. Churches and private groups began to open up a lot of private colleges. But… Women usually couldn’t go to college. Elizabeth Blackwell: 1st woman with a medical degree – 1849. African-Americans In the south – illegal to teach slaves after the Nat Turner rebellion. In the north – they usually were not allowed. Later on – after the civil War (1865) – more Black colleges / universities opened in the South Caring for the needy Dorothea Dix did a lot to help both women – and women/people in jail. In those days the mentally ill were put in jail – and all the jails were horrible. They’d put criminals, mentally ill, and even children all in the same cells. They also started looking at the possibility of rehabilitating prisoners. Another was helping the blind and/or deaf – like Thomas Gallaudet – who’s school is still the best school in the country for the deaf Newspapers were really starting to grow – and then everyone could know what was going on and be better informed. Papers only cost a penny and people could hear all the up to date news. More magazines started to be published – even special interest magazines (Ladies’ Magazine / Godey’s Lady’s Book) Chapter 14: A New Spirit of Change Section 4: Abolition and Women’s Rights There’s another reform movement that wasn’t discussed in the last section The biggest reform movement of the 1800’s had to do with improving the lives of…. Slaves. People who called for the abolition of slavery were called abolitionists. Abolitionism: doing away with something (slavery) Three of the more outspoken abolitionists: Frederick Douglas Had a black mother and a white father. Had great courage. Was a talented public speaker. Was a slave when he was younger. Eventually published an anti-slavery newspaper. Sojourner Truth Was a slave when she was young, but escaped. Eventually lived with the Quakers, who set her free. Huge crowds would come listen to her speak. Sara and Angelina Grimke Sisters who believed that slavery was wrong. At that time though, women were not supposed to speak in public. Lectured anyways. Some things these people did: Petitioned Congress to pass laws Elected sympathetic lawmakers Lobbied Held anti-slavery meetings Wrote anti-slavery newspapers and books Bought and freed slaves Helped slaves escape to freedom Some were real fanatics people who are carried away beyond reason (especially in politics or religion) Some slaves would escape on: the Underground Railroad: Not: underground Not: a railroad It was: a “network” of people who helped hide and transport slaves – escaping to freedom in the North, or even into Canada. The most famous “conductors” – the abolitionist that most people have heard of: Harriet Tubman African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the U.S. Civil War. After escaping from captivity, she made thirteen missions to rescue over three hundred slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era struggled for women's suffrage. Remember…. About ¾ of all southerners did not own any slaves. Only 1% of Southerners owned large plantations (but they had most of the south’s political and financial power). A couple of other women who were famous for helping Elizabeth Cady Stanton Fought for women’s suffrage – even into the 1900’s. The right to vote Lucretia Mott An abolitionist who also was a big part of the women’s rights movement And…. Susan B. Anthony Prominent, independent and well-educated American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to secure women's suffrage in the United States The Seneca Falls Convention is a famous time for women’s rights The Seneca Falls Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York on July 19 to July 20, 1848, was the first women's rights convention held in the United States, and for that reason, it is often labeled as the birthplace of feminism. Prominent at the 1848 convention were leading reformers, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Different groups at different times have turned to the founding documents of the United States to meet their needs and to declare their entitlement to the promises of the Revolution of 1776. At Seneca Falls, New York, in the summer of 1848, a group of American women and men met to discuss the legal limitations imposed on women during this period. These discussions were informed by their participation in the anti-slavery movement; eventually they used the language and structure of the United States Declaration of Independence to state their claim to the rights they felt women were entitled to as American citizens in the Declaration of Sentiments.