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Grade 8/Social Studies
UNIT: 06
TITLE: Early
Republic
Part 1: The New Nation
The New Nation


The Bill of Rights was
added to the
Constitution in
December of 1791.
George Washington was
elected the first President
of the United States of
America.
Washington’s Cabinet


Washington as the first
President would be
responsible for
establishing many
precedents.
He established the first
Presidential Cabinet
(administration) with
heads of executive
departments.
Federal Judiciary Act


He also oversaw the
establishment of the
Court System with the
passing of the Federal
Judiciary Act of 1789.
Under the new
Constitution, the
Authority of the
National Government
needed to be established
and defined
Hamilton and the Bank



Washington appointed
Alexander Hamilton to
head the new Treasury
Department.
The United States
needed to create a stable
economic system
Hamilton wanted to
install a National Bank.
Hamilton and the Bank

He was also in favor of
implementing protective
Tariffs and quickly
repaying our
Revolutionary War debt.
Hamilton and the Bank


Thomas Jefferson and
the other Anti-federalists
argued that a National
Bank would be
unconstitutional.
Hamilton pointed to the
“Necessary and Proper
clause” in the
Constitution
The Elastic Clause


The “Necessary and Proper Clause” in the
constitution gives the government the power
to… “Make all laws which are necessary and
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing
powers, and all together powers vested by this
Constitution”….
This clause became known as the “elastic
clause”, because it could be stretched to fit any
meaning.
Elastic Clause


Both Hamilton and
Jefferson used the clause
in their arguments.
In the end, Washington
sided with Hamilton and
the National Bank was
established, becoming
very successful.
Hamilton and the Economy


Alexander Hamilton played a
vital role in the early
economic system of the
United States.
He advocated (supported) a
“Free Enterprise” system
with minimal government
intrusion. In other words,
allow businesses to help build
the nations economy without
fear of the government
taxing them heavily making
regulations and limiting what
they can do.
Federalists vs. Anti-federalists


The first two political parties in the United
States formed because of the disagreements
over the role and strength the new Federal
government would have.
Federalists and Anti-federalists also disagreed
about the future direction of the United States.
Federalists vs. Anti-federalists

Federalists such as
Alexander Hamilton and
John Adams wanted the
United States to become
a leader in research and
technology to become an
industrial giant.
Federalists vs. Anti-federalists

Anti-federalists such as
Thomas Jefferson and
George Mason wanted
the United States to
remain an agrarian
society. (farmers)
Federalists and Tariffs


Federalists also favored protective tariffs. These
are taxes placed on imported goods that help
protect American manufactured products by
making foreign made products more expensive.
Taxes allow the government to create more
programs and infrastructure that benefit the
economy and the citizens.
Federalists vs. Anti-federalists



Anti-Federalists wanted an expansion of States’
Rights
Federalists wanted a loose interpretation of the
Constitution while,..
Anti-Federalists wanted a strict interpretation.
Jay’s Treaty



In Europe, England and France were still at war
with each other.
Many American merchant ships were being
seized by both nations.
England had also not fully removed themselves
from American soil as laid out in the Treaty of
Paris 1783.
United States 1783
Jay’s Treaty


Washington sent John Jay
back to Europe to negotiate
another treaty with the
British, so that England
would recognize American
neutrality and leave American
shipping alone.
Jay was only successful in
getting England to: a.)
abandon their forts in the
western U.S. and b.) allow
American merchant ships to
trade in Asia.
Jay’s Treaty


England still refused to accept American
neutrality and continued to seize American
ships.
American merchants were also shut out of the
West Indies trade.
Jay’s Treaty


Many Americans felt this
new treaty was an insult
and were angry
But Washington signed
the treaty, anyway,
because he knew the
United States could not
fight another war with
Britain.
Washington’s Farewell Address



Washington served two terms as President
before he stepped down from office.
By the end of his presidency the two dominant
political parties were the Federalists and Antifederalists.
The Anti-federalists had now changed their
name to the Democratic-Republicans.
Washington’s Farewell Address


In his farewell address, Washington urged America to
stay neutral in foreign affairs.
He also stressed unity among ALL Americans
regardless of their home state.
A New Capital

Designs for a new capital city were planned on the
banks of the Potomac River.
A New Capital

Pierre Charles L’enfant
was commissioned to
design the new Capital
city
A New Capital



Construction on the
White House began in
1793.
Construction on the
Capitol building itself
began a year later.
Philadelphia would serve
as the Nation’s Capital
until Washington D.C.
was finished.
Hamilton and Jefferson

Disagreed on many things including the war between
England and France.
Hamilton and Jefferson




Hamilton supported England.
Jefferson admired the French since the French
were going through their own democratic
revolution
They both supported rival newspapers and used
these papers to attack each others credentials.
Hamilton could never be President because he
was not native born.
Hamilton and Jefferson

James Madison had been
a leading Federalist, but
he changed his views and
became a DemocraticRepublican.
Whisky Rebellion



Federalists controlled Congress during Washington’s and Adams’
Presidency.
Farmers started a revolt over a stiff tax on grain used to make
alcohol
Washington with Hamilton by his side, rode out to put down this
uprising.
Adams’ Presidency


John Adams was elected
the 2nd President of the
United States.
Adams was attacked
continuously by the
Democratic-Republican
party.
Adams’ Presidency



Hamilton did not like Jefferson or even Adams
for that matter and he urged Thomas Pickney to
run for President. (Hamilton would be pulling
the strings in that Presidency)
When voters caught wind of Hamilton’s scheme,
the voted for Jefferson.
John Adams barely won the Presidency to
become the second President of the United
States.
Adams’ Presidency

Thomas Jefferson
became the Vice
President.
French Revolution and the XYZ
Affair


France had fallen into a
terrible and bloody
revolution.
Chaos and anarchy
reigned in France even
though they managed to
still maintain a war with
England
French Revolution
French Revolution


After years of chaos and
the “reign of terror” the
French Revolution
gradually calmed down
when a young general
from the army took
control of the country
He was Napoleon
Bonaparte.
XYZ Affair


Jay’s Treaty had made the
French furious so the
French began seizing
American ships.
President Adams sent
Charles Pinckney
Elbridge Gerry, and John
Marshall to France to
meet with the French
foreign minister
Talleyrand
XYZ Affair



Talleyrand wanted an apology from John Adams
over some insulting remarks he had made.
He also wanted a “gift” from the American
people in the amount of $250,000.
The American delegates exploded at this
demand. Pinckney said “Not a sixpence!”
XYZ Affair


The Americans left
France and published
their letters of the
incident. The names of
Talleyrand and the agents
were changed to X, Y,
and Z.
The American public
became outraged at the
“bribe”
XYZ Affair



Americans wanted a war with France
Congress even began to raise money for war.
President Adams was smart. He knew that Emperor
Napoleon of France could destroy the young United
States.
Alien & Sedition Acts


Napoleon was a military
genius who had already
conquered much of
Europe.
Instead the Federalists
passed the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
Alien & Sedition Acts




These laws attacked foreigners who were living
in the United States. (Namely the French)
The laws stated that the government could
arrest anyone who was a threat to national
security.
The laws also outlawed open criticism of the
President.
This violated the 1st Amendment.
Alien & Sedition Acts



The Democratic-Republicans used this to their advantage and
labeled John Adams and all Federalists as tyrants.
John Adams did not win his re-election bid and Thomas
Jefferson became the 3rd President
The Alien & Sedition Acts had ruined Adams reputation.
Nullification


Jefferson had suggested earlier that states should
have the right to dismiss or “nullify” laws passed
by the federal government if that law was not
beneficial to the state.
This notion was quickly repealed because the act
of nullification would destroy the power of the
federal government.
Barbary Pirates



Jefferson began military cutbacks even though
the United States did go to war in the
Mediterranean Sea against the Barbary Pirates.
The Barbary Pirates had for years attacked any
trade ships that sailed in the Mediterranean.
They demanded that countries pay a tribute so
their ships would be left alone.
Barbary Pirates


The United States
refused to pay tribute
and when the pirates
attacked U.S. ships, the
United States went to
war with the pirates.
After several years, the
pirates left American
ships alone.
Louisiana Purchase


After Napoleon had
conquered Spain, he
took back the Louisiana
Territory.
He also landed 20,000
French troops to re-take
the island of St.
Dominique (Haiti), that
was overthrown by
Toussaint L’Overture
Louisiana Purchase


The French took half the
island before
succumbing to yellow
fever.
Napoleon needed money
to finance his wars as he
tried to conquer all of
Europe and the world
Louisiana Purchase


Jefferson sent Robert
Livingston to France to
negotiate the purchase
of New Orleans for 10
million dollars.
Talleyrand offered
Livingston the entire
Louisiana region for 15
million.
Livingston accepted the
offer.
In 1803, The Louisiana Purchase
doubled the size of the United
States.
Louisiana Purchase

The addition of the Louisiana territory was a great
success in Jefferson’s presidency.
Lewis & Clark


Jefferson sent
Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark to explore
the region with the
Corps of Discovery.
Their journey would
cover the northern
region of the Louisiana
territory.
Lewis & Clark

Lewis and Clark brought
a Canadian fur trapper
named Toussaint
Charbonneau as a guide.
His Native American
wife Sacajawea was
invaluable as a guide and
interpreter.
Lewis & Clark



Their assignment was to explore the area and
report back their findings.
They traveled all the way to the Pacific Ocean
and encountered plants and animals that had
never been seen before by Americans.
They kept detailed journals of the land and
people they encountered.
Lewis & Clark

They reported the area as
being : “A howling
wilderness, unsuitable for
human habitation
Zebulon Pike

While Lewis and Clark
were exploring the
northern region of the
Louisiana territory, led an
expedition to explore the
southern portion of the
Louisiana territory.

Part 2: The War of 1812
Jefferson’s Presidency



Thomas Jefferson was a
very popular President.
While he was in office,
the Federalist Party
began to fade out.
The Democratic
Republicans were the
dominant party
Jefferson’s Presidency


Alexander Hamilton
continued to slander the
Democratic - Republican
Party.
He targeted President
Jefferson, and especially
Jefferson’s Vice
President, Aaron Burr.
Jefferson’s Presidency



Aaron Burr finally challenged Hamilton to a duel
because of the insults.
Hamilton accepted his duel and was killed in the duel
Burr’s political career was ruined by this action.
The Embargo Act





American merchant ships continued to be the victims
of the ongoing war between England and France.
To avoid spending money to protect American
shipping, Jefferson installed the Embargo Act.
The Act was designed to prevent cargo from being
seized as well as prevent the impressments of American
sailors by the British.
The United States cut off trade with all the European
powers.
Both imports and exports fell.
The Embargo Act

Impressments was the
action of boarding
American ships and
kidnapping American
sailors to force them into
service in the British
navy
The Embargo Act



The Embargo Act was a
disaster and the United
States lost money.
Jefferson decided not to
run for a third term.
James Madison became
the 4th President of the
United States.
Tensions between England and the
U.S.



Tensions between the United States and
England along with France were growing
because of the interference with American
shipping and the British policy of impressments.
Britain also still refused to recognize American
neutrality.
The United States began boycotting trade with
Britain altogether.
Tensions between England and the
U.S.


Meanwhile, Americans
living on the frontier
blamed England for
stirring up trouble
between settlers and
Native Americans
Tecumseh and his
brother known as “the
prophet” started a revolt
The War Hawks


Henry Clay of Kentucky
had formed the radical
frontier group known as
the “war hawks”.
The War hawks blamed
England for the troubles
and pressed for the
United States to go to
war.
The War Hawks



The War Hawks continued to pressure congress
for action against England.
Though, the United States was in no way ready
for another war with Britain, the Americans
knew that Britain was occupied with the
conquests of Napoleon.
The few Federalists left in congress were
opposed to any war with England, which caused
the party to completely die out.
War of 1812



England really had no quarrel with the United
States.
At the beginning of the war, the Americans
made an unsuccessful attempt to invade British
held Canada.
The British then came down from Canada and
took over Ft. Detroit, claiming the entire
frontier area of the Great Lakes as part of the
British Empire.
Britain takes Detroit and the Great
Lakes
Battle of Put –in- Bay


Americans needed to
gain control of Lake
Erie.
Oliver Perry commanded
the American fleet that
engaged the British. He
quoted “We have met the
enemy, and they are
ours!”
War on the Frontier


British relied heavily on
Native American allies to
handle the war with the
Americans on the
Frontier.
The Creeks had formed
the powerful Red-Stick
confederacy.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend

General Andrew Jackson and his militia known as the
Tennessee Volunteers defeated the Creek Red Stick
confederacy at the battle of Horseshoe Bend.
Battle of Tippecanoe

General William Henry Harrison destroyed the Native
American confederation led by the war chief Tecumseh
and his brother “the prophet” at the battle of
Tippecanoe.
War on the Frontier

Generals Andrew
Jackson and William
Harrison became
American heroes for
securing the frontier
during the war and
crushing Native
American resistance.
Destruction of Washington D.C.


The British landed an
invasion force in the
United States.
The British under the
command of General
Robert Ross, marched on
to Washington D.C.
meeting little resistance.
Destruction of Washington D.C.


President Madison was
forced to evacuate as the
British invasion entered
the Capital.
The British defeated the
American army
defending Washington
D.C. and then set fire to
the city.
Destruction of Washington D.C.

First Lady Dolly
Madison was able to save
many important
paintings and documents
from the White House as
it burned along with the
rest of Washington D.C.
Ft. McHenry


Ft. McHenry guarded the
city of Baltimore.
The British laid siege to
the fort with their ships
and began to bombard
the fort.
Ft. McHenry

Francis Scott Key was on board a prison ship and
witnessed this battle. It inspired the “Star Spangled
Banner”
Battle of New Orleans


The British made an attempt to take the city of New
Orleans, and thus control the Ms. River.
Andrew Jackson and his Volunteers rushed to defend
the city from the British attack
Battle of New Orleans


After the first attack
ended in a draw, the
British advanced a
second time and were
decimated by the
Americans.
Over 2,000 British
soldiers were killed
compared to 71
Americans.
Battle of New Orleans


The irony surrounding
this battle was that it
occurred nearly two
weeks after peace had
been declared.
Despite this, the
overwhelming American
victory made Andrew
Jackson a national hero.
Treaty of Ghent



Napoleon was gone. The Americans and British really had no
cause to continue fighting each other
Peace was restored, but no promises were made, no land
exchanged, and neither side won its intended goals.
The United States established itself as an independent and
powerful nation capable of defending itself.

Part 3: The Monroe Doctrine
James Monroe



James Monroe was
elected President in
1816.
Monroe was a
Democratic-Republican
from Virginia
Monroe wanted to create
a sense of National unity.
New Nations in the Americas


Spanish Colonies in the
Western Hemisphere were
wanting their independence
from Spain.
Latin America refers to the
Western Hemisphere regions
where Latin based languages
are spoken. (Spanish, French,
Italian, Portuguese)
Revolution in Latin America


In 1816 Argentina, Chile,
Peru, and Ecuador won
their Independence
In 1819, the Republic of
Great Colombia won its
independence from
Spain. The new republic
included the present day
nations of Venezuela,
Colombia, and Panama
Revolution in Latin America

In 1821, the people of
Central America declared
their independence from
Spain. The new nations
included Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Honduras, and
Guatemala
Revolution in Latin America

In 1821, Mexico also wins its independence from Spain
Revolution in Latin America

The Portuguese colony of Brazil won its independence
peacefully
Revolution in Latin America

By 1825, Spain had lost
all of its colonies in the
Western Hemisphere
except for Cuba and
Puerto Rico
Florida

Many Americans wanted to gain possession of Florida
because of the disturbances across the border
Florida




Creek and Seminole Indians
raided settlements in Georgia
Florida was also a refuge for
runaway slaves
Seminoles had allowed
African Americans to live
near their villages in
exchange for crops.
Black Seminoles adopted
many Indian customs
Florida


In 1818, Andrew Jackson
had invaded Florida with
3,000 soldiers to capture
Seminole and Creek
outposts as well as
runaway slaves.
Spain did not resist
because it was busy
fighting wars in Latin
America
Adams-Onis Treaty




In the end, Spain agreed to peace talks
President Monroe sent Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams to negotiate a treaty with Spain
Spain agreed to give Florida to the United States
for 5 million dollars
The Adams-Onis Treaty was signed in 1819, and
took full effect in 1821
Adams-Onis Treaty
United States and Latin America




Americans were happy for the Latin American
countries who had gained their independence
However, Secretary of State Adams and President
Monroe were concerned about European response.
European countries like Prussia, France, Spain, and
Austria seemed ready to try and take back some of the
colonies that Spain had lost.
Russia was also in the mix claiming lands on the Pacific
coast of North America.
The Monroe Doctrine


The British, also
concerned wanted to
issue a joint statement
with the United States,
but President Monroe
acted on his own.
The President issued the
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine



The Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States
would not interfere in the affairs of European nations,
or existing colonies of Europe.
At the Same time it warns that the United States will
not tolerate any further colonization by Europe in the
Western Hemisphere, and the United States would
resist any nation attempting to interfere in the affairs of
nations in the Western Hemisphere.
It also warns against any attempt to regain lost colonies
The Monroe Doctrine

The message of the Monroe Doctrine showed that the
United States was determined to keep European
powers out of the Western Hemisphere
The Monroe Doctrine


The message of the Monroe Doctrine showed
that the United States was determined to keep
European powers out of the Western
Hemisphere
In the early years of the Monroe Doctrine, the
United States did not have the military strength
to back up the doctrine, but Great Britain who
had supported the doctrine helped enforce it
with their superior navy.
The Monroe Doctrine



As the United States became
stronger over the years, it
could back up the Monroe
Doctrine on its own.
On several occasions the
United States successfully
backed up the Doctrine
against European challengers
The Monroe Doctrine
shaped American foreign
policy for more than 100
years
The Policies of Washington and
Monroe

The policies of both
these Presidents
shaped the role the
United States would
play in the world.
The Policies of Washington and
Monroe



Washington had urged the
nation to be neutral and
steer clear of permanent
alliances with any portion
of the foreign world
Washington also
recognized the dangers of
political parties attacking
one another and warned
that such attacks could
weaken the nation
His advice still guides U.S.
foreign policy.
The Policies of Washington and
Monroe


President Monroe
prevented other
nations from
colonizing the western
hemisphere.
Oversaw the rise of the
United States as a
world power and
protector.