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Transcript
Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY with additional slides by various publishers and myself (Mr. Cornwell) Reconstruction (1865-1876 Key Questions (Reconstruction) 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen? Key Questions (Reconstruction) Wartime Reconstruction Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s plan • Denied pardons to officers and anyone who had killed African American war prisoners. • Permitted each state to create a new constitution after 10 percent of voters took an oath of allegiance. • Offered pardons to Southerners who swore allegiance. • States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union. • Each state could create a new constitution without Lincoln’s 10 percent allegiance requirement. • States had to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate the Confederate debt. • Although it officially denied pardons to all Confederate leaders, Johnson often issued pardons to those who asked him personally. Johnson’s plan President Lincoln’s Plan 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. * He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. * When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. President Lincoln’s Plan President Lincoln’s Plan 1864 - “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR * “loyal assemblies” * They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival. President Lincoln’s Plan Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Congressma n Henry W. Davis (R-MD) Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath. “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner] “Conquered Provinces” Position [PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] President Lincoln Pocket Veto Wade-Davis Bill Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Jeff Davis Under Arrest Jeff Davis Under Arrest Presidential Reconstruction President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters! President Andrew Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson (p. 431) President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South! President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES Growing Northern Alarm Black Codes Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. * Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]. Black Codes • As southern states were restored to the Union, they began to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these: – Curfews: Generally, black people could not gather after sunset. – Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor. – Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned. – Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations. th 13 Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 13th Amendment Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Freedmen’s Bureau School Freedmen’s Bureau School Slavery is Dead? Slavery is Dead? Reconstruction QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Civil Rights Act of 1866 and The Freedmen’s Bureau QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February, 1866 - President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes - 1st in U. S. history!! Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction 14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-Confederate political power. * Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! 14th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. 14th Amendment “All persons born or naturalized in the United States…are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges… of citizens of the United States… nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law …” The Balance of Power in Congress State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 MS 353,000 436,000 LA 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 The 1866 Midterm-Election A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” 1866 Midterm Election Radical Republicans who managed President Andrew Johnson’s impeachment trial Senator Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania: Leader of the Radical Republicans Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. * Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts. Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 Calling for “reform not revenge,” Radicals in Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. Key provisions: 1. Southern states under military rule by northern generals. 2. Southern states create new state constitutions. 3. States required to give the vote to all qualified male voters (including African Americans). 4. Supporters of the Confederacy temporarily barred from voting. 5. Southern states required to guarantee equal rights to all citizens. 6. All states required to ratify the 14th Amendment. Military Reconstruction Act Reconstruction Act QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. The Tenure of Office Act Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. Question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47! The Senate Trial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote). The Grant Administration (1868-1876) The 1868 Republican Ticket The 1868 Democratic Ticket Waving the Bloody Shirt! Republican “Southern Strategy” 1868 Presidential Election President Ulysses S. Grant Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * Credit Mobilier Scandal. * Whiskey Ring. * The “Indian Ring.” The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter] Who Stole the People’s Money? The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money question.” * debtors seek inflationary monetary policy by continuing circulation of greenbacks. * creditors, intellectuals support hard money. 1875 - Specie Redemption Act. 1876 - Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’! Legal Challenges The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) Bradwell v. IL (1873) U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876) U. S. v. Reese (1876) Sharecropping Sharecropping & the Cycle of Debt 1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land. 5. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord. 4. At harvest time, the sharecropper owes more to the landlord than his share of the crop is worth. 2. Poor whites and freedmen sign contracts to work a landlord’s acreage in exchange for a part of the crop. 3. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing and food. Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner Loan tools and seed Plants crop, harvests Rents land to tenant up to 60% interest to in autumn. in exchange for ¼ tenant farmer to plant to ½ of tenant spring crop. farmer’s future crop. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner Farmer also secures as payment of rent. food, clothing, and other necessities on Tenant gives credit from merchant remainder of crop to until the harvest. merchant in payment of debt. Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South Black & White Political Participation Black Politicians from Reconstruction Black Senate & House Delegates Colored Rule in the South? Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. Blacks were politically unprepared. Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting. The Fifteenth Amendment • In February 1869, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment, granting African American males the right to vote. • In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose delegates to draft new state constitutions. One quarter of the delegates elected were black. • The new state constitutions guaranteed civil rights, allowed poor people to hold political office, and set up a system of public schools and orphanages. • In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections for the first time. More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislatures, Louisiana gained a black governor, and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American elected to the Senate. th 15 Amendment Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! Negro Suffrage Amendment Cartoon First Black Voter The Republican South • During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a mixture of people who had little in common except a desire to prosper in the postwar South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and two other groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags. – Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South became known as carpetbaggers. Southerners gave them this insulting nickname, which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps. Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck. – White southern Republicans were seen as traitors and called scalawags. This was originally a Scottish word meaning “scrawny cattle.” Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed secession. Some were small farmers who resented the planter class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor. Sharecropping & Tenant Farming Sharecropping • A family farmed a portion of a planter’s land. • As payment, the family was promised a share of the crop at harvest time. • After the harvest, some planters evicted the sharecroppers without pay or charged the sharecroppers for housing and other expenses, so that the sharecroppers were in debt at the end of the year. • Many sharecropping families were in dept to the planters and trapped on the plantation. Tenant Farming • Tenant farmers did not own the land they farmed. • The tenant farmer paid to rent the land and chose which crops to plant and how much to work. • Tenant farming created a class of wealthy merchants who sold supplies on credit. • Sharecropping and tenant farming encouraged planters to grow cash crops, such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane. The South had to import much of its food. Klan Portrait (p. 445) Nathan Bedford Forrest in Uniform, c. 1865 (p. 446) KKK Flag (p. 447) Worse than Slavery Cartoon The “Invisible Empire of the South” Spreading Terror The Ku Klux Klan • The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters. • They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers. • They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them. • Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and scalawags became their victims. The Federal Response • In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed a series of anti-Klan laws. • The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting. • Other laws banned the KKK and used the military to protect voters and voting places. • As federal troops withdrew from the South, black suffrage all but ended. Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. “The Lost Cause.” The rise of the “Bourbons.” Redeemers (prewar Democrats and Union Whigs). The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Shortcoming - lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years! Northern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption. Panic of 1873 [6-year depression]. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. Key monetary issues: * should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War. * should war bonds be paid back in specie or greenbacks. The Election of 1872 Spoilsmen v. reformers. Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans. Horace Greeley runs as a Democrat/Liberal Republican candidate. Greeley attacked as a fool and a crank. Greeley died on November 29, 1872! 1872 Presidential Election Popular Vote for President: 1872 And They Say He Wants a Third Term 1876 Presidential Tickets “Regional Balance?” 1876 Presidential Election The Political Crisis of 1877 “Corrupt Bargain” Part II? The Compromise of 1877 • The presidential election of 1876 was disputed. Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote, but the electoral vote was contested. • Democrats submitted a set of tallies showing Samuel Tilden, who had the support of the Solid South, as the winner. • Finally, the two parties made a deal. In what became known as the Compromise of 1877, the Democrats agreed to give Hayes the victory. In return, the new President agreed to support appropriations for rebuilding the levees along the Mississippi River and to remove the remaining federal troops from southern states. • The compromise opened the way for Democrats to regain control of southern politics and marked the end of Reconstruction. Hayes Prevails Alas, the Woes of Childhood… Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me! A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877 Reconstruction Map Election of 1876 Map Cities and Industry • Southern leaders saw the industrialized northern economy and realized a unique opportunity to build an industrialized economy in the South. • Atlanta, the city that had been burned to the ground by Sherman’s army, began to rebuild and was becoming a major metropolis of the South. • One problem with the industrialization of the South was that most southern factories handled the earlier, less profitable stages of manufacturing. The items were shipped north to be made into finished products and sold. Funding Reconstruction • Rebuilding the South’s infrastructure, the public property and services that a society uses, was one giant business opportunity. • Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph lines had to be rebuilt. • Funds were also needed to expand services to southern citizens. Following the North’s example, all southern states created public school systems by 1872. • Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid for Reconstruction. Spending by Reconstruction legislatures added another $130 million to southern debt. • Much of this big spending was lost to corruption. The corruption became so widespread that it even reached the White House. An End to African American Suffrage 1860s Reconstruction begins. 1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting 1870s Reconstruction ends. 1950s-1960s Civil Rights movement begins. Successes and Failures of Reconstruction Successes Failures Union is restored. Many white southerners remain bitter toward the federal government and the Republican Party. The South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North. The South is slow to industrialize. Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments guarantee African Americans the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage. After federal troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny African Americans the right to vote. Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling. Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty. Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education. Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.