Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download America Looks Outward
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
American Stories THIRD EDITION By: Brands • Chapter 21 Toward Empire 1865‒1902 Toward Empire, 1865‒1902 21.1 America Looks Outward Why did Americans look outward in the last half of the nineteenth century? 21.2 War with Spain What were the causes and results of the war with Spain? Toward Empire, 1865‒1902 21.3 Acquisition of Empire What were the various viewpoints about the acquisition of empire after the war with Spain? Video Series: Key Topics in U.S. History 1. 2. 3. 4. The American Empire Coup in Hawaii The Spanish-American War War in the Philippines Home Roosevelt and the Rough Riders • Roosevelt wanted United States to establish itself as a world power • War with Spain a step in right direction • Extend influence in Asia and Latin America • U.S. foreign policy in 1890s • Fostered overseas business interests • Strengthened navy • Extended U.S. influence into Pacific Home America Looks Outward • • • • • Catching the Spirit of Empire Reasons for Expansion Foreign Policy Approaches, 1867‒1900 The Lure of Hawaii The New Navy Home America Looks Outward • U.S. expansion shifted after 1890 • Involved island possessions • Used as naval bases, trading outposts, and commercial centers America Looks Outward Catching the Spirit of Empire • Movement toward empire building • Domestic concerns dominated the post‒Civil War years • Foreign policy of isolationism • 1870s – new interest in events abroad • Internationalism began to replace nationalism • Imperialism not of much interest at this time America Looks Outward Reasons for Expansion • New interest in expansion • End of frontier • Growth of factories and farms • Worldwide scramble for empire • Ideas encouraged expansion • Evolution theory • Missionary spirit America Looks Outward Foreign Policy Approaches, 1867‒1900 • Foreign policy varied by region • Europe • North and South America • Pacific • Expansionist foreign policy • Pushed by Secretary of State Seward • Seward’s Folly – Alaska • Closer commercial relations with Latin America America Looks Outward • Venezuela boundary dispute The Lure of Hawaii • U.S. desired Hawaii as a way station • Many ships stopped there • Missionaries arrived in 1820 • Children of missionaries dominated Hawaiian political and economic life • U.S. tightened connection • 1875 - granted Hawaiian sugar duty-free entry • Hawaiian monarchy limited America Looks Outward • 1887 - Pearl Harbor The Lure of Hawaii (continued) • McKinley Tariff led to change • Ended special status for Hawaiian sugar • Hawaiian sugar dropped • New queen – new constitution • Queen Liliuokalani wanted to reduce white power • 1893 – American settlers revolted America Looks Outward The Lure of Hawaii (continued) • Hawaiian annexation • Rebels set up provisional government and attempted to annex Hawaii • Investigation found Americans’ role was improper • Republic of Hawaii and finally annexation • Debate stretched throughout the 1890s • McKinley - joint resolution America Looks Outward America Looks Outward America Looks Outward The New Navy • Growth of navy • Growing fleets of European countries • United States needed to protect interests in Caribbean and Pacific • New steel ships constructed • Alfred T. Mahan • • • • Overseas markets were essential Large merchant marine Strong navy America Looks Outward Colonies The New Navy (continued) • Mahan influenced secretary of navy • Program of naval construction • Bureau of Construction and Repair • Design and build new ships • Naval Reserve – 1891 • First American submarine – 1893 • U.S. gained offensive capability at sea • 1889 – twelfth in world • 1893 – seventh in world • 1900 – third in world America Looks Outward Discussion Question • Why did Americans look outward in the last half of the nineteenth century? America Looks Outward War with Spain • • • • A War for Principle The Spanish-American War African American Soldiers in the War The Course of the War Home War with Spain • Effects of war with Spain • Bolstered national confidence • Altered insular patterns of thought • Reshaped Americans’ vision of themselves and the world • Strain of isolationism and antiwar feeling • The war increased overseas possessions • Gained colonies and colonial subjects • Responsibility War with Spain A War for Principle • Cuba struggles - 1890s • Ongoing rebellion against Spanish rule • Depression of 1893 • Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 • 1895 - Rebellion in Cuba • Importance of United States • General Valeriano Weyler Nicolau • U.S. moved to support rebels • Yellow journalism • Spain and U.S. relations War with Spain A War for Principle (continued) • Spain offered concessions • Recalled Weyler and offered autonomy • Spanish officers led riots in Havana • Movement toward war with Spain • • • • • Explosion of the Maine Yellow press published de Lôme letter Last chance to negotiate offered Teller Amendment War declared War with Spain War with Spain The Spanish-American War • Beginning of the war • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • War over quickly • Ten weeks • Few Americans died in the fighting • Many died from disease War with Spain African American Soldiers in the War • African Americans served in Guard and regular army units • • • • • One-fourth of forces Four army regiments Volunteer army Black troops resisted segregation African American soldiers won 26 Certificates of Merit, five Congressional Medals of Honor War with Spain War with Spain War with Spain How Did the United States Build an Overseas Empire in the 1890s? • Where and how did the SpanishAmerican War unfold? • How did American territorial claims change between 1790 and 1900? • What were domestic attitudes toward the new overseas empire? War with Spain War with Spain The Course of the War • Simple naval strategy • Destroy Spanish fleet • Damage Spain’s merchant marine • Harry the colonies or coast of Spain • Army strategy • Defend the United States • Invade Cuba and probably Puerto Rico • Possible action in far-flung locations • Joint planning • Limited strategy War with Spain The Course of the War (continued) • Changing strategy • Commodore George Dewey captured Manila Bay • June - Cuba invaded • July - Santiago surrendered • War lasted 113 days • 5500 Americans died, only 379 from battle War with Spain War with Spain War with Spain Discussion Question • What were the causes and results of the war with Spain? War with Spain Acquisition of Empire • The Treaty of Paris Debate • Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • The Open Door Home Acquisition of Empire • Negotiations • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • Public opinion • Religious and missionary organizations • Merchants and industrialists • Many Americans – fruits of war • December 1898 ‒ Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. acquired territory Acquisition of Empire The Treaty of Paris Debate • Anti-Imperialist League • Opponents from all areas • Violated principle of self-determination and independence • Cheap labor feared by labor leaders • Race issue • Not needed for trade • Domestic issues more important • Senate ratified Treaty • U.S. became colonial empire Acquisition of Empire Acquisition of Empire Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • Philippine-American War • Led by Emilio Aguinaldo; from 1898‒1902 • Filipinos used guerilla war tactics • U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba • 1901 - Taft named civilian governor • Local self-government permitted • Changes made • Schedule established for independence • Philippines independent • July 4, 1946 Acquisition of Empire Acquisition of Empire The Open Door • China weak from warfare and rebellion • “Spheres of influence” • Open Door policy • Nations possessing sphere of influence would respect other nations’ rights in that sphere • Boxer Rebellion • Nationalists tried to oust foreigners from China Acquisition of Empire Discussion Question • What were the various viewpoints about the acquisition of empire after the war with Spain? Acquisition of Empire Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spain • Effects of war with Spain • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Set back the cause of civil rights for African Americans • Confirmed Republicans as majority party • U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country
