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End of Spanish Rule Chapter 6 Texas History Coach Fletcher Spanish Empire- 1760s From 1756 to 1763 Europe was involved in a world war called the Seven Years’ War or to North America it was called the French and Indian War. The war actually was between the British colonies and the French in Canada. The peace treaty of the war greatly affected the future of Texas. Called Peace of Paris Treaty Results of French and Indian War 1. Land east of the Mississippi River and Canada went to the British. 2. The city of New Orleans given to Spain. 3. The land west of the Mississippi River was ceded or given to Spain by the French. (Louisiana remained Spanish control from 1763 to 1800) Spain didn’t worry about the French any more but now had to deal with the British. Marques de Rubi Tour About the Tour: Started- 1766 Leader- Marques de Rubi Route- California to Louisiana Miles- covered 7,000 miles in 2 years Texas- enters Texas in 1767 Results of the Tour 1. Spain realized that they didn’t have the power or the wealth to maintain such a large territory. 2. Spain also realized that with Louisiana being between Texas and the British colonies there was no need to settle Texas. 3. Texas was no longer on the outer parts of New Spain, it was now Louisiana Rubi Report Rubi reports back to Madrid Spain in 1772 with the following suggestion: 1. All missions in East Texas be abandoned except San Antonio and La Bahia 2. All the settlers from East Texas should be sent to live in San Antonio 3. Spain to establish friendly relationships with the Comanches and Wichitas. 4. Declare war against the Apaches, protect Spanish interest. Apaches getting too close to the Spanish settlements. Spain & Indian Relations There was very little talk between the Spaniards and the Comanches and Witichas on the subject of becoming friends. The Comanches and Apaches continued to attack the Spanish missions and presidios. The Indians were better at moving around plus they had more soldiers to fight. Spain Gives Up Louisiana 1800-French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte forces Spain to return Louisiana to France. 1803- France then sells Louisiana to the United States for $15 million or 3 cents per acre. (Called the Louisiana Purchase) United States territory was now doubled and bordered Texas, Spain felt threatened by the United States. Trouble with Boundaries United States and Spain argued over the border locations between Louisiana and Texas. United States claimed the Sabine River was the dividing line between Texas and Louisiana. Spain claimed that Arroyo Hondo a small stream east of the Sabine was the dividing line. New Spanish Interest in Texas The United States was a threat to Texas and there for Spanish Government became more interested in Texas. More Spanish settlers and soldiers moved into East Texas. Neither Spain or the United States wanted to go to war over the boundary. Neutral Boundaries 1806- General James Wilkinson of the United States and Lieutenant Colonel Simon de Herrera of New Spain declare that the disputed territory was to be neutral. 1806 to 1819- the neutral territory wasn’t controlled by either Texas or United State laws, therefore many outlaws moved into the region. The Adams-Onis Treaty 1819- The United States and Spain signed a treaty to settle the dispute over borders. The treaty was called the Adams-Onis Treaty. It said: 1. The neutral area became United States 2. The Spanish ceded Florida to United States 3. United States gave all of Texas to Spain 4. West boundaries were drawn between all New Spain and the United States Filibusters Filibusters means people who are freebooters or adventurers. These people were either: 1. trying to overthrow the Spanish Government in Texas, wanting Texas to become an independent country or part of the U.S. 2. looking for adventure or an easy way to get rich Philip Nolan Philip Nolan was perhaps the most famous filibuster. Job- bookkeeper, horse trader Friend- General James Wilkinson Texas- he came to Texas in 1791 to capture wild horses called mustangs Spanish Government- Nolan had received permission to enter Texas to capture the mustangs Nolan Problem- since Nolan was a friend of Wilkinson the Spanish Government thought he was plotting to overthrow the Spanish Government in Texas. Warning- the Spanish Government warned Nolan to leave Texas and not return Actions- Nolan ignored the warning and in late 1800 enters deep central Texas with 20 men to capture more mustangs. Nolan 1801- 100 Spanish Soldiers went to arrest Nolan and his men near present day Waco, Texas. Fight- Nolan decides to fight the Spaniards, he is killed and the remaining men were arrested and put in prison in Mexico Prison- for six years the men sat in prison 1807- King of Spain orders that every 5th man be hanged and the rest put in prison for 10 more years. Nolan 9 men- there were only 9 men left so the Spaniards decide to only hang 1 of the men Dice- the prisoners rolled dice to see who would be killed, low dice rolled is the loser Loser- Ephraim Blackburn was the unlucky man, executed as enemy of Spain 8 men- all were sent back to prison and all die in prison except Peter Ellis Bean. Bean- released from prison Nolan Mystery There is still a mystery of why Philip Nolan entered Texas. There was only rumors that Philip Nolan was going to overthrow the Spanish Government. Philip did make Texas maps of the land he explored. An Independent Movement A Texas desire for independence from Spain began to grow among the people. One of the first movement towards independence was lead by Father Miguel Hidalgo in 1810. The first movement failed. A second movement was lead by Bernardo Gutierrez and Augustus Magee. Gutierrez-Magee Expedition Gutierrez and Magee began to model the American Revolution, they began recruiting volunteers for their Republican Army of the North. The Republican Army of the North: Texas- enters the Texas area August 1812 Army Men- 130 Soldiers- from U.S., Mexico, Indians & French The Expedition Route 1. Headed and took Nacogdoches without a fight from the Spaniards. 2. Headed to La Bahia presidio at Goliad, they held the fort through the winter of 1812. 3. Headed to San Antonio with a new leader named Samuel Kemper (American). Winning near San Antonio Army Winning!! With the Army having three major victory Gutierrez drafted a document stating that Texas was free and independent. Soon after the document came out there was troubling views between Gutierrez and the Americans over what Texas freedom really meant. American and Mexican Views The Americans thought that Texas should be ran by elected officials voted on by the people. (like U.S.) Mexicans thought that Texas should be ran by a governor and a ruling body of appointed officials. (like Spain) Failure of the Republican Army A second disagreement arouse between the two sides in San Antonio. A force under the command of Antonio Delgado killed 13 Spanish prisoners and the governor of Texas. The Americans blamed Gutierrez for the murders, Gutierrez was forced to give up control of the Republican Army. The Republican Army began to fall apart when many Americans started to return home. Spaniards Take Over With the fall of the Republican Army the Spaniards could end the rebellion. On August 1813 the Spaniards defeat the Republican Army (1400 men) at the Battle of Medina. The Spaniards than take back San Antonio, Goliad, and Nacogdoches. Rebellions and Revolution Revolution is the overthrow of government. Many other people continue to challenge Spanish control of Texas. Pirates began to attack Spanish ships in the Gulf of Mexico. Many people in Louisiana began to take strikes at Spanish forces in Mexico. Jean Laffite One famous pirate was Jean Laffite from France. He claimed he was trying to help Mexico gain independence but he was actually only interested in Spanish treasure. 1820- Laffite began to attack American ships, the Americans drove Laffite and other pirates from the gulf. James Long Goal- he wanted independence for Texas 1819- Long lead a force into Texas and captures the town of Nacogdoches. Government- Long establishes a government in the town and declares Texas as free. President- Long declares himself as the President of Texas Long Long went to Galveston Island to ask Laffite for help. While at Galveston Island Spanish soldiers began to move into Nacogdoches lead by Ignacio Perez. Perez with 500 Spanish soldiers kill many of Long’s men. Long was eventually killed while in prison in Mexico. Mexican Independence 1810- People still viewed that Texas should be independent from Spain. 1815- Spain had crushed most rebellions in Texas. 1820- In Europe, Spain was becoming weak Mexican Independence 1821- A Mexican military leader Agustin Iturbide saw an opportunity to free Texas because of Spain’s weakness. 1823- Iturbide was thrown out of office by a Mexican revolt against him. 1824- Mexico completed its constitution officially and became a republic free from Spain. Key Terms Alliance- an agreement by two or more nations, or people Filibuster- individual who carries out rebellious activities in a foreign country Liberation- setting something free Republic- a government in which power lies with the citizens, who vote for people to represent them Vaquero- a Spanish cowboy Lariat- lasso used to capture livestock