Download A New Nation: Washington, Adams, & Jefferson

Academy VA/US History: Mrs. Lacks
A NEW NATION: WASHINGTON,
ADAMS, & JEFFERSON
First President, George Washington
• Virginian (surveyor, farmer)
• Lieutenant colonel in the
French & Indian War
• Commander in Chief of the
Continental Army
• VA delegate to the
Continental Congress, and
Constitutional Convention
First President, George Washington
• Served as POTUS: April 30, 1789 – March 4,
1797
• Only POTUS to be unanimously elected
• Did not want the position at first
• Inaugurated at Federal Hall in NYC
• Started the term “Mr. President”
• Refused a third term
New Capital
The Executive Cabinet
•
•
•
•
Henry Knox (Sec of War)
Alexander Hamilton (Sec of Treasury)
Thomas Jefferson (Sec of State)
Edmund Randolph
(Attorney General)
Should there be a national bank?
• Hamilton says yes!
– Legal and should exist
• Thomas Jefferson says no!
– Illegal (govt shouldn’t have that power)
Creation of Political Parties
• Democratic Republicans
• Federalists
Democratic Republicans
(Anti-Federalists)
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Share power with state and local government
Limited national government
Agricultural economy
Supported by farmers, artisans and frontier settlers
Mostly in the South
Believed in strict interpretation
Ex. Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick
Henry, Samuel Adams
Federalists
•
•
•
•
•
•
Concentrate power in strong federal government
Industrial economy
Supported by bankers and business
Mostly in the Northeast
Believed in loose interpretation of the law
Ex. Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, James Madison, John
Jay
Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion
• In order to help pay war debts, the Secretary of the Treasury,
Alexander Hamilton, placed a 25% excise tax on all liquor sold
in the United States.
• Very unpopular – especially opposed by farmers in the
western areas of all states south of NY
• Tax collectors who were sent to western Pennsylvania were
routinely threatened and tarred and feathered, making it
impossible to collect the whiskey tax from that area.
• In June of 1794, local officials ordered the arrest of the
leaders of the whiskey tax resistors.
• More violence erupted, and shots were fired between local
militia and federal troops
Whiskey Rebellion
• In reaction to this, President George Washington recruited a
militia force
• nicknamed the “Watermelon Army” by the whiskey tax rebels
• When negotiations between federal commissioners and the
rebels failed, Washington himself put on his Revolutionary
War uniform again and personally led the army of over 12,000
troops into Western Pennsylvania.
• This force easily put down the Whiskey Rebellion because the
farmers, faced with such a large force and notable
commander, quickly dispersed
Whiskey Rebellion
• Why is this so important?
– Made citizens wary of states’ power
– New relationship between the federal government
and the people
– Marks the first and only time that a President of
the US put on a uniform to personally lead troops
into battle
The French Revolution
The French Revolution
• Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, wanted
to support France
• Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury,
wanted to support England
• George Washington wanted neutrality
Jay Treaty
• Solved issues between US
and England
• Negotiated by John Jay
• Established US borders
(British withdrawal from
Northwest Territory &
defined Canadian border)
• Increased trade
• US gave England most
favored nation status
Who was John Jay?
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•
•
•
•
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Served in Continental Congress (5th President)
Minister to Spain and France
Leading Federalist; co-wrote the Federalist Papers
Negotiated the Jay Treaty with England
1st Supreme Court Justice of the US
2nd Governor of NY
Washington’s Farewell Address
• ".......the name of American, which belongs to you, in
your national capacity, must always exalt the just
pride of Patriotism..."
•
•
•
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Warns against political parties
Stresses importance of morality
Warns against permanent foreign alliances
Explains the benefits of federal govt
The Election of 1796
Candidate
Party
Electoral
Vote
Federalist
71
Thomas Jefferson (VA)
DemocraticRepublican
68
Thomas Pinckney (SC)
Federalist
59
DemocraticRepublican
30
Samuel Adams (MA)
Federalist
15
Oliver Ellsworth (CT)
Federalist
11
George Clinton (NY)
DemocraticRepublican
7
Federalist
5
John Adams (MA)
Aaron Burr (NY)
John Jay (NY)
Others
10
XYZ Affair
• Pres. Adams sends three ambassadors to
France to negotiate
• After the US refuses them a loan, the three
French ambassadors sent a report to Adams,
inserting the letters X, Y, & Z instead of their
names
• Anticipating war with France,
Congress enacted
the Alien & Sedition Acts
Alien & Sedition Acts
Alien Act- Gave the President the power to
imprison or deport aliens suspected of
“activities posing a threat to the national
government”
Sedition Act- Outlawed spoken or written
criticism of the government, Congress or the
President
(violated the 1st Amendment!)
Virginia & Kentucky Resolves
“Organized opposition to the Alien and Sedition
Acts”
“Asserted the principle of nullification-that
states had the right to nullify, or consider void,
any act of Congress that they deemed
unconstitutional”
In other words, break the law!
11th Amendment
• Lawsuits against
states are now legal
Times are a changin’
Controversy over the Federalists’ support for the
Bank of the United States, the Jay Treaty, and
the undeclared war on France contributed to
the emergence of an organized opposition
party, the Democratic-Republicans, led by
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Election of 1800
John Adams
vs.
Thomas
Jefferson
Led to the passage of a new
Constitutional Amendment
The “Party
Ticket” idea
was born
President & V.P.
run together
The 12th Amendment
• The 12th Amendment called for
an election of a Vice President
and a President
• voted for SEPARATELY for the
first time
Hamilton
Burr
The Duel left
Hamilton dead and
Burr in legal trouble
The
Trial of
Aaron
Burr
Treason?
Marbury v. Madison
1801
Marbury v. Madison
• 1st Chief Justice: John Marshall (served for 35
yrs; longest to hold office in US History)
• Established judicial review
– Courts check the legislative and executive
branches (say whether or not laws, orders, etc. are
constitutional or unconstitutional)
Embargo Act of 1807
• Said US would trade with NO ONE
• Enacted to hurt Britain and France, but really
hurt US economy
• Angered US merchants and traders, especially
New England textile industry
Territorial Expansion
“From sea to shining sea”… Fulfilling
our “Manifest Destiny”
Louisiana
Territory
Louisiana Territory
• Purchased from France(Napoleon) in 1803 for
$15 million
• Doubled the size of the country
• President Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis
and William Clark to explore and map the
area…they traveled all the way to the Pacific
Ocean and back
• Native woman Sacajawea led them
Sacajawea
Shoshone
The size of the
United States
Doubled!
James Madison
• Virginian (made Montpelier his home)
• Delegate to the Continental Congress
& the Constitutional Convention
• Father of the Constitution & author of
the Bill of Rights
• Leading Democratic-Republican but
co-author of the Federalist Papers
• Secretary of State under Jefferson
• Elected President in 1808; served 2
terms
• Wife: Dolly Madison
The War of 1812
(1812 – 1814)
...also called
“Mr.
Madison’s
War”
The Causes of the War
• Seizure of US ships on the high seas by
the British navy
• Impressment of Americans
• British still hanging out in west; trading
with Natives
Location of the Battle
Shawnee
Chief
Tecumseh
William Henry
Harrison
War Hawks demanded action!!!
The Invasion
of Canada
American losses were severe
Commodore
Oliver Perry
changed the
course of the
war with a
victory on
Lake Erie.
Even our Capital was
not safe!
George
Washington’s
portrait
Dolly
Madison
James
Madison
Thanks to the British, the Presidential mansion
got a new name…
In September of 1814 at the Battle for…
The Star
Spangled
Banner
Francis Scott Key
wrote…
Treaty of Ghent
• Trade
reopened
in 1815
The Battle of New Orleans
• Fought after the treaty was signed
• Made General Andrew Jackson a hero
Oregon Country
was jointly
occupied by the
USA and England
as of 1818
1819
“Spanish”
Florida
became U.S.
territory
Adams-Onis Treaty