Download Module 4: Exam Remediation

4.01 First in Our Hearts
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 George Washington was a soldier. He
had fought with the British in the
French and Indian War.
 Commander of the Continental Army
during the American Revolution,
during which time he offered to serve
in the Continental Army without pay.
 Washington was brave and never
asked his soldiers to do something he
would not do.
 Many Americans thought that
Washington would crown himself
King after defeating the British at the
Battle of Yorktown, however,
Washington believed the country
needed a democratic government and
not a King.
4.01 First in Our Hearts
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 In May 1787, delegates from
all 13 states gathered in
Philadelphia to discuss the
Articles of Confederation at
the Constitutional
Convention.
 Virginia sent Washington to
the Constitutional
Convention as a delegate.
 They elected him President
of the Constitutional
Convention.
 Washington went on to
become the country’s first
President after the states
ratified the Constitution.
4.01 First in Our Hearts
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 As the first President of the
United States, President
Washington set several
precedents or examples for future
Presidents to follow.
 President Washington was
careful to make sure the office of
the president would conduct
itself with appropriate ceremony
and splendor.
 He avoided any actions that
hinted of royalty.
 Additional precedents
established by President
Washington include the creation
of a Cabinet (a group of advisors),
two term limitation, and the
giving of an inaugural and
farewell speech.
4.01 First in Our Hearts
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 George Washington was a
Federalist and believed in a strong
central government.
 President Washington recognized
that the world was a dangerous
place and he worked hard to
reestablish a relationship with
Britain. Washington strongly
supported the Jay Treaty. This 1794
treaty helped begin a valuable
trading relationship between the
two countries.
 Although Washington sought a
relationship with Britain, he was
careful to avoid getting involved
when war broke out between
Britain and France. The United
States remained neutral.
4.01 First in Our Hearts
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 George Washington is
perceived by many to have
been an ideal President.
 He saw leadership as a way
to serve the nation and not
as a way to profit or better
his personal position.
 He felt that the government
should serve the people
instead of the people serving
the government like it had
been under Britain.
Quiz Time!
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 George Washington set many traditions and standards,
known as precedents for the presidency that still continue
to this day. Which of the following is not a precedent set
by Washington?
 A. Washington asked Congress to build a monument in
his honor.
 B. Washington gave an inaugural address at the
beginning of his presidency.
 C. Washington retired after two terms as president, which
later became the legal limit for terms for presidents.
 D. Washington created a group of special advisors to the
president called the Cabinet.
A. Washington asked Congress to build a
monument in his honor.
Quiz Time!
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 Which statement best explains why Washington is seen
by many as an ideal President?
 A. He believed in a strong central government and made
sure the government was extremely powerful.
 B. He defended his country from England and kept the
military strong during his presidency.
 C. He was a shrewd politician who won two terms
because of his leadership and popularity.
 D. He never put himself before his country and felt that
the government should serve the people.
D. He never put himself before his country
and felt that the government should serve the
people.
4.02 A Worthy Successor
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4.02 A Worthy Successor
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4.02 A Worthy Successor
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 The Alien & Sedition Act: limited
freedom of speech and the rights of
non-U.S. citizens. Congress passed
these laws to prevent criticism of the
government during times of crisis
(unofficial war with France). Jefferson
saw this as an attack on individual
rights.
 The Election of 1800: Thomas
Jefferson challenged John Adams and
won. Foreign powers predicted the
United States would crumble trying to
transfer the presidency to a new
political party. The peaceful transition
of Thomas Jefferson to the White
House proved the U.S. Constitution
could survive great challenges.
4.02 A Worthy Successor
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Examples of John Adams Civic Virtue
Quiz Time!
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 Which is a significant result of the election of 1800?
 A. It proved nations who thought the United States
would not last were wrong
 B. It proved unpopular laws and actions could get a
sitting President voted out of office
 C. It showed that Adams and Jefferson could still be
friends even though they were bitter political enemies
 D. It demonstrated that the ideas in the U.S. Constitution
were stronger than a particular party or point of view
D. It demonstrated that the ideas in the U.S.
Constitution were stronger than a particular
party or point of view
4.03 American Voices
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 Between 1763 and 1815, most
of the population was made
up of indentured servants,
slaves, women, children, and
the working class.
 Most working class between
1763 and 1815 lived in cities,
where the demand for skilled
labor was much greater.
 Policies were written mainly
by white, male landowners.
The other groups of people
did not have any power and
most did not have basic
rights.
4.03 American Voices
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 Children
 Few attended schools;
education limited to
upper class
 Some were separated
from parents for
indenture
 Helped on family farm
 Could not vote
 Had few, if any, rights
4.03 American Voices
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 Women
 No legal right to home or
children (limited if any
rights)
 Only those with family and
wealth likely able to
maintain home after loss of
husband
 Choice of husband
considered most important
event in life
 Could not vote
 Few could read or write
4.03 American Voices
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 Working Class
 Work and wages
determined by the boss
 Though most were male and
skilled in a craft, no political
rights since they did not
own land
 Usually lived in cities,
especially near trading ports
 Could not vote
 Few could read or write
 Had few, if any, rights
4.03 American Voices
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 Indentured Servants
 Slavery replaced this
system
 Worked for free to pay
off trip across ocean
 Set time period of
servitude
 Could not vote
 Few could read or write
 Had few, if any, rights
4.03 American Voices
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 Slaves
 Rise of cotton as main crop
lessened likelihood of freedom
 Lived in fear, even if able to gain
freedom (How can you prove
you’re free?)
 Most could not escape lifelong
servitude
 Families often divided because
they were more valuable sold as
individuals than as a group.
 Could not vote
 Few could read or write
 No rights
4.03 American Voices
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 Florida Time Line
 1763–1783: British territory
 Florida struggled during this period as the British could not attract people to the
territory.
 1783: Treaty of Paris
 The British gave Florida back to the Spanish after the American Revolution.
 Spanish Florida struggled during this period as more Americans settled in
Florida than Spaniards.
 1817–1818: First Seminole War
 Population of North Florida included runaway slaves and Native Americans
who fought against the Americans in the War of 1812.
 The United States invaded Florida in 1818 to gain land and find runaway slaves.
 The Seminoles (the term means “runaway”) fought back as the U.S. took their
land and enslaved their people. Native Americans in Florida had been
struggling to hold onto their land since 1763.
Quiz Time!
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 During the late 1700s to early 1800s, which group had the
most freedom in regards to earning a living and voting
rights?
 A. Slaves: they could not vote but could often earn their
freedom
 B. Indentured servants: they could earn their freedom
quickly and start buying land
 C. Women: they could not vote but they could own
property under certain circumstances
 D. Working class men: they could not always vote, but
they had the ability to earn money and buy land
D. Working class men: they could not always
vote, but they had the ability to earn money
and buy land
Quiz Time!
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 Which answer best compares the lives of women to the
lives of slaves during the time period of 1763 – 1815?
 A. Neither could own land, but most women had other
basic rights.
 B. Neither could own land, and few received an education
or had basic rights.
 C. Neither had the right to vote, but most women were
educated and could own land.
 D. Neither had basic rights or could own land, but most
women were educated and became teachers.
Lesson
B. Neither could own land, and few received
an education or had basic rights.
Quiz Time!
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 Which statement describes the settlement of northern
Florida in 1818?
 A. It was made up of runaway slaves and Native
Americans who fought the Americans.
 B. It was made up of Native Americans and the Spanish
who allied against the Americans.
 C. It was made up of Native Americans who helped
Americans find runaway slaves in exchange for land.
 D. It was made up of many different Native American
tribes who were all fighting for the same territory.
A. It was made up of runaway slaves and
Native Americans who fought the Americans.
4.04 Jefferson Brings Change
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4.04 Jefferson Brings
Change
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The Supreme Court Rules, Washington,
D.C.
In the final days of his presidency, John
Adams approved a law for 16 new federal
judges.
Thomas Jefferson and Congress repealed
this Judiciary Act of 1801 when he took
office.
Secretary of State James Madison did not
deliver the appointment notices to the
judges.
William Marbury, one of the new judges,
fought back against losing his new job. He
argued that, by law, Madison must deliver
his notice and that Jefferson must allow him
to take his position.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Marbury
had the right to his position but that the
court could not force Jefferson or Congress
to give it to him.
The Supreme Court ruled the Judiciary Act
of 1801 unconstitutional. This was the first
time the Supreme Court declared that a law
passed by Congress violated the U.S.
Constitution. Marbury v. Madison
established the concept of judicial review.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Change
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 Shipwrecked Pieces of Eight, Gulf of
Mexico
 In 1784, almost 20 years before
Jefferson became president, the El
Cazador sank in the Gulf of Mexico.
The ship, loaded with Spanish money
and treasure, was sent to New Orleans
to help Spain’s poor and failing
colony there. Spain was never able to
revive its territory that stretched from
the Mississippi River to the Rocky
Mountains.
 Giving up, Spain ceded the Louisiana
Territory to France in 1800. The wreck
helped make it possible for the United
States to purchase Louisiana Territory
in 1803.
 The U.S. dollar design was based on
the Spanish Real, also known as a
“piece of eight” and famous in pirate
myth. The shipwreck was not found
until 1993.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Change
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Rebellion in Haiti
Napoleon Bonaparte valued Louisiana
Territory, especially New Orleans, only as
long as France controlled Haiti. The French
called Haiti "Saint-Domingue" and the
Spanish called it "Santo Domingo."
Haiti was fighting French rule. There were
10 slaves for every one French plantation
owner in Haiti. They united in a violent
struggle for independence.
Toussaint L'Ouverture was a former slave
who became a leader as the rebellion grew.
The Haitians respected him.
The French tricked L'Ouverture to come to a
meeting where he was captured and taken
to prison. He suffered and died there.
However, Bonaparte was busy fighting the
British and could not send enough troops or
supplies to stop the whole rebellion.
Frustrated, he was ready to give up on Haiti
by early 1803. Haiti was the first nation to
win independence through a slave revolt.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Change
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The United States Doubles, area of
Louisiana Purchase
When Spain ceded the Louisiana
Territory to France, the French cut off
U.S. access to New Orleans. President
Jefferson hoped to purchase New
Orleans from France.
The first offers were refused. However,
in 1803, Bonaparte was preparing to
attack Britain and failing to control Haiti.
He no longer saw value in the Louisiana
Territory.
When Jefferson sent James Monroe to
make a new offer, Bonaparte was ready
to sell all of the Louisiana Territory for a
mere $15 million.
The deal doubled the size of the United
States. Some Americans thought the buy
was unconstitutional. The U.S.
Constitution does not specify that the
nation may purchase land.
However, Jefferson defended the deal
through Article 2, Section 2, saying it
gave him authority, with Senate
approval, to make treaties with other
nations.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Change
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 Real Pirates, Barbary Coast, North
Africa
 The Barbary pirates ruled the waters
of the Mediterranean Sea for
centuries, attacking European ships
and coastal cities.
 When U.S. ships began to trade in the
area, the pirates attacked them, too.
They captured American sailors.
 President Jefferson sent the U.S. Navy
and Marines to fight the pirates and
protect American shipping.
 The United States defeated the
Barbary pirates. The First Barbary
war did not alter the balance of power
between the United States and foreign
nations, however it did signal a
greater U.S. involvement in
international affairs.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Change
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 Embargo, northern Atlantic waters
 Pirates were not the only U.S.
shipping problem. With France and
Great Britain at war with each other,
U.S. ships and goods were sometimes
attacked. U.S. sailors were kidnapped
and forced to serve in the British
Navy. Impressment enraged
Americans.
 In 1807, President Jefferson authorized
the Embargo Act. Trade with foreign
countries ended.
 Jefferson wished to force France and
Great Britain to accept the United
States as neutral in their conflict and
allow the trade. Though the embargo
had little impact on those nations, it
devastated the U.S. economy.
Americans were unable to sell their
goods or purchase needed foreign
products.
4.04 Jefferson Brings
Change
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 Burr Dishonored, near Weehawken,
N.J.
 Aaron Burr was the vice president
during Jefferson’s first term. A
person’s honor was important to men
in Burr’s time.
 When he believed Alexander
Hamilton challenged his honor, Burr
responded by challenging Hamilton
to a duel. Duels, though illegal, were a
way for men to reclaim honor.
 Hamilton died because of that duel,
and Burr fled.
 A few years later, a rumor spread that
he was trying to set up his own
kingdom in the West.
 The United States charged him with
treason, but there was little evidence
to support the charge. The Supreme
Court acquitted Burr, but his political
career was ruined.
Quiz Time!
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 Which best characterizes Jefferson's foreign policy?
 A. Jefferson's presidency saw greater U.S.
involvement in international affairs.
 B. Jefferson set out to expand democracy in foreign
lands through military action.
 C. Jefferson only dealt with countries the U.S. had
relations with before, like Britain and France.
 D. Jefferson paid less attention to the rest of the
world and concentrated on expanding U.S. territory.
A. Jefferson's presidency saw greater U.S.
involvement in international affairs.
Quiz Time!
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 Which event helped to decide the 1800 Presidential
election in Jefferson's favor?
 A. The Alien and Sedition Acts made many Americans
feel that their individual rights were being violated.
 B. Many Americans thought that Adams did not do
enough to expand U.S. territory in North America.
 C. After eight years of Adams as Vice President and four
years of Adams as President, Americans were ready for a
change.
 D. Many Americans wanted to go to war with France, and
although French ships attacked American ones, Adams
worked for peace.
A. The Alien and Sedition Acts made many
Americans feel that their individual rights
were being violated.
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
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 Many historians believe that
President Thomas Jefferson’s
greatest legacy was the Louisiana
Purchase.
 He made plans for an expedition
to explore the land even before
the purchase.
 Making friendly contact with
Native Americans and finding a
passage to the Pacific were
important goals to Jefferson.
 In the spring of 1804, he sent
Captain Meriwether Lewis and
more than 30 other men to learn
everything they could about this
land.
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
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 Meriwether Lewis spent
months studying the notes of
others who had seen portions
of the territory.
 He convinced his friend
William Clark to join the
group.
 Clark had military experience
and a keen eye for geography.
He was also an accomplished
mapmaker.
 Clark recruited many soldiers
for the expedition. The Corps
of Discovery was the group's
name.
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
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 Their mission from
President Jefferson was
to:
 map a new route to the
Pacific Ocean
 collect specimens for
study
 meet and give gifts to the
Native Americans
 take notes on activity
during the journey
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
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 The Lewis and Clark
expedition gave
Americans plenty of
information about
lands to the west.
 Their journey continues
to inspire Americans
today. Some enjoy
reenacting the journey
by camping along spots
on the trail.
4.05 Heroes of the Wild
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 Cartography is the work of
creating maps.
 William Clark made many
maps of the territory the
Corps explored.
 There was no satellite
imagery available to Clark—
only his eyes, compass, and
drawing tools.
 His maps amaze us today
with their accuracy and detail,
considering he relied so much
on his imagination to
determine how the area
looked from the sky.
Quiz Time!
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 Which statement describes events leading up to the Louisiana
Purchase in the correct order?
 A. The First Barbary War threatened U.S. coastal cities. The
slave rebellion began in Haiti. The El Cazador sank in the Gulf
of Mexico.
 B. The El Cazador sank in the Gulf of Mexico. The French cut
off U.S. access to New Orleans. The slave rebellion began in
Haiti.
 C. The slave rebellion began in Haiti. The Spanish ceded the
western lands to France. The Corps of Discovery explored this
territory.
 D. The Spanish ceded the western lands to France. The Corps of
Discovery explored this territory. The French cut off U.S. access
to New Orleans.
B. The El Cazador sank in the Gulf of Mexico.
The French cut off U.S. access to New
Orleans. The slave rebellion began in Haiti.
Quiz Time!
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 Before reaching the Rocky Mountains, the Lewis and
Clark expedition had access to large herds of buffalo
in the Eastern plains. What kind of food did they
have access to after crossing the Rocky Mountains?
 A. cows, pigs, and rice
 B. fish, berries, and nuts
 C. wheat, corn, and beans
 D. shellfish, oranges, and potatoes
B. fish, berries, and nuts
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
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 Causes of the War of 1812
 Great Britain did not respect the
United States
 The British often kidnapped or
impressed U.S. sailors for service in
the British navy.
 The British seized American ship
cargo and prevented fishing near
Canada.
 The British still had soldiers posted in
the northwestern reaches of the
United States. These soldiers
encouraged Native Americans to
attack American settlers. Tecumseh
was a Shawnee chief friendly to the
British. He united Native American
tribes to fight the spread of U.S.
settlement. Tecumseh considered the
United States an enemy.
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
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The War of 1812 divided the United
States.
The people in the North and East did not
want war. They depended on trade with
Great Britain despite the problems. They
worried that the British military was far
more powerful and the United States
was not ready for war.
The South and West favored war with
Britain. The pressure to go to war came
mainly from a group of Congressmen
known as the "War Hawks.“
The War Hawks called for war because
they believed that British interference
with American ships hurt the economy
and the reputation of the United States.
The War Hawks were mainly from the
western frontier and the south. The War
Hawks saw war as a way to stop British
aggression, but to also gain territory
(Canada).
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
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 Major Events Form the War of 1812
 Summer 1812, British blockade: Great Britain posted ships along the U.S. coast,
cutting off trade.
 August 1812, Detroit fails: The United States’ first strategy was to invade Canada,
with terrible consequences. Early battles, like at Fort Detroit, were failures. The
British took many U.S. soldiers as prisoners.
 September 10, 1813, Battle of Lake Erie: Under Commodore Matthew Perry, the
United States won its first battle in Lake Erie. The British left the area, including Fort
Detroit.
 October 5, 1813, Battle of the Thames: Under General William Henry Harrison, the
United States won a battle at Canada’s Thames River. Tecumseh died in his second
armed conflict against Harrison. His death marked the end of united Native
American resistance in the Northern United States.
 Summer 1814, Niagara campaign: In spring 1814, the British defeated Napoléon
Bonaparte in Europe and were free to focus on the war with the United States. The
British strategy was to attack three main areas—Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, and
New Orleans. U.S. soldiers fought back successfully at Fort Niagara, stopping British
forces there and at Lake Champlain.
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
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 August 24, 1814, Washington, D.C. burns: The British sailed into Chesapeake Bay
and met untrained U.S. soldiers guarding Washington, D.C. The Capitol Building
and the White House were set on fire. President Madison and his wife, Dolley, fled
the burning mansion, saving several national treasures. The British then continued
north toward Baltimore.
 September 13, 1814, Fort McHenry resists: Fort McHenry guarded Baltimore, and
the British began shelling the fort from two miles offshore. American cannonballs fell
into the bay but 1,000 Americans were able to hold the fort. Despite an attack of more
than 1,500 cannonballs, American soldiers raised the U.S. flag over Fort McHenry
early on September 14. From the ship where the British held him during the battle,
Francis Scott Key spotted the flag that inspired his now-famous poem.
 January 8, 1815, New Orleans attack: General Andrew Jackson led an army that
included Native Americans, French soldiers, and freed slaves to New Orleans. There
he fought the battle that made him a national hero. U.S. forces stopped the British
from reaching their goal. However, this battle had no effect on the war’s outcome.
Peace talks had begun between the United States and Great Britain two weeks before.
4.06 We Will Not Fall!
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 Out Come of the War of
1812
 By the end of 1814, Great
Britain’s leaders did not feel
the war was worth the cost.
 The United States and Great
Britain signed the Treaty of
Ghent, which only returned
the nations to prewar
conditions.
 The treaty addressed none
of the issues that caused the
war. However, the nations
did agree to have further
talks.
Quiz Time!
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 Which answer offers the best reasoning for why the
Native American chief Tecumseh fought alongside
the British in the War of 1812?
 A. Tecumseh was well paid by British generals.
 B. Tecumseh wanted to preserve trade with Britain.
 C. Tecumseh considered America to be an enemy.
 D. Tecumseh felt his homeland was more secure
with the British.
C. Tecumseh considered America to be an
enemy.
Quiz Time!
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 Which answer describes an event that took place during
the War of 1812 in the southern part of the United States?
 A. The British unsuccessfully attacked Fort McHenry.
 B. The British took U.S. soldiers prisoner during the battle
at Fort Detroit.
 C. General William Henry Harrison fought and won a
battle at the Thames River.
 D. An army that included Native Americans, French
soldiers, and freed slaves fought the British.
D. An army that included Native Americans,
French soldiers, and freed slaves fought the
British.