Download 1 MOOD Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the

1
MOOD
Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker
towards the action expressed by the predicate verb.
The action may be represented as a real fact, a problematic action or as
something unreal that does not exist.
There are the following moods in English: the direct moods - the Indicative and
the Imperative; the oblique moods – the Subjunctive and the Conditional.
DIRECT MOODS
I. The Indicative Mood
The Indicative mood shows that the speaker considers the action or state
denoted by the predicate as a real fact and affirms or negates its existence in the
present, past or future. The verb in the Indicative mo0d has the category of tense,
aspect and voice.
I haven't yet looked at the newspaper.
We are studying oblique moods now.
If it rains, I’ll stay at home.
The doctor was sent for.
II. The Imperative Mood
The Imperative mood expresses commands and requests generally addressed to
the second person singular or plural. The Imperative mood has only one form
which coincides with the infinitive of the verb without the particle "to":
Listen to him.
Be careful.
The negative form is built up by means of the auxiliary "do":
Don't listen to him.
Don't be late.
The auxiliary "do" may also be used in affirmative sentences to make the request
or command more emphatic:
Do be careful.
Do listen to him.
In commands and requests addressed to the first and third person
combination "let + infinitive" is used:
Let him do it.
Let us do it together.
The negative forms are:
Let's not talk about it.
Don’t let's talk about it.
the
2
OBLIQUE MOODS
If I had a garden, I should grow tulips in it.
had - the subjunctive mood
should grow - the conditional mood
The oblique moods represent actions or states as desired, imaginary, or
contradicting reality.
Tenses
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
The Forms of the Infinitive
Active
to write
to be writing
to have written
to have been writing
Passive
to be written
to have been written
-
I. The Subjunctive Mood
The Subjunctive mood represents an action as absolutely unreal.
The Subjunctive mood is a synthetical mood and it has two tenses: the present
tense (The Present Subjunctive mood) and the Past tense (the Past Subjunctive mood).
The form of the Present Subjunctive mood coincides with the Past Indefinite (It
is a grammatical homonym of the Past Indefinite tense). The verb “to be” has the
form “were” for all persons:
If I knew…
If she lived…
If I (she, it, they, etc) were…
The Present Subjunctive mood expresses an unreal action at present.
The Present Subjunctive mood may also refer an action to the future or to no
particular
time.
The form of the Past Subjunctive mood coincides with the form of the Past
Perfect tense (It is a grammatical homonym of the Past Perfect tense)
If I had known…
If she had lived …
If they had been …
The Past Subjunctive mood expresses an unreal action in the past.
II. The Conditional Mood.
The Conditional mood is аn analytical mood. It has two tenses, the present tense
(The Present Conditional mood) and the past tense (The Past Conditional mood).
The Present Conditional mood refers the action to the present (or to the future)
and is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs "should" or "would" and the
3
Indefinite infinitive of the notional verb (or sometimes the continuous infinitive):
I should read...
He would be reading ...
The Past Conditional mood refers the action to the Past and is built up by means
of the auxiliary verbs "should" or "would" and the perfect infinitive of the notional
verb (or sometimes the Perfect continuous infinitive):
I should have told you…
They would have helped him ...
The meaning of the Conditional mood is very close to the meaning of the
Subjunctive mood. It also expresses an unreal action but this unreality always
depends on some condition.
If I were ten years younger, I should go to the disco.
If I were ten years younger – this is absolutely unreal
I should go to the disco – the unreality of this action depends on the first clause
The Conditional mood expresses an unreal consequence out of some unreal
condition.
the Pr. Subj. m.
the Pr Cond. m.
If I were in your place I shouldn't think so.
the Past Cond. m.
the Past Subj. m
I should have gone with you if you had invited me.
SentencesШ the Mixed Type
Sentences of the Mixed Type
The actions in the principal and subordinate clauses may have different timereference.
The unreal condition may refer to the past and the consequence - to the present or
future:
If you had read the newspaper yesterday, you would know the news.
The Condition may refer to no particular time and the consequence may refer to
the past:
She would not have told me the story if she disliked me.
The Use of the Subjunctive Mood
The Subjunctive mood may be used in simple sentences; of unreal wish and in
complex sentences.
In simple sentences:
If it were not so dark! - Если бы не было так темно!
4
If only I knew it for sure! Если бы я знала это наверняка!
If only I had told heк the truth! - Если бы я только сказал ей правду!
In complex sentences:
1) in subordinate clauses of unreal condition which are usually introduced by the
conjunction "if (the use of tenses is absolute in this case: when reference is made to
the present or future the Present Subjunctive and the Present Conditional are used;
when reference is made to the past the Past Subjunctive and the Past Conditional
are used):
If I had more time I should learn French.
Note 1: The modal verbs "can" and "may" have no special forms for
the Conditional mood. They have only one form of the oblique mood - the form of
the Subjunctive mood present:
If he came now he could help us.
could help - the Present Subjunctive mood of the modal verb "can" and the
indefinite infinitive of the verb "to help"
If the whole situation refers to the past the perfect Infinitive is used:
If he had come yesterday he could have helped us.
could have helped - the Present Subjunctive mood of the modal verb "can" and
the perfect infinitive of the verb "to help"
could
do it – (могла) бы (to the present or future)
might
could
have done it – (могла) бы (to the past)
might
Note 2: The conjunction "if "may be omitted and the inversion is used:
a) for the Present Subjunctive with the verbs "be", "have" and modal verbs:
If she were here she would help us. – Were she here she would help us.
If I could swim I should go to the river with you. – Could I swim I should go...
If we had time we should go to the cinema. – Had we time we should go...
b) for the Past Subjunctive it is also possible:
If we had known about it yesterday we should have informed you.
Had we known about it yesterday we...
Note 3: The unreal condition can also be expressed by the phrase "but for + a
noun/a pronoun"
But for the rain (if it were not for the rain) they would go to the country.
But for the rain (If it had not been for the rain) they would have gone to the
5
country.
"But for" in rendered in Russian as " еcли бы не".
2) In subordinate clauses of concession introduced by "even if", "even though"
(the use of tenses is absolute in this case):
Even if you were right I shouldn't defend you.
Even if (even though) he had come he wouldn't have helped us.
Даже если бы...
3} in object clauses after the verb "to wish" the Present Subjunctive or the Past
Subjunctive may be used to express a wish which cannot be fulfilled or a hardly
realizable wish
I wish it were true.
I wish you had asked me anything but this.
The use of tenses is relative in this case:
a) If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action of the
principal clause the Present Subjunctive is used:
I wish he were with us. - Мне жаль, что его нет с нами.
I wished he were with is. - Мне было жаль, что его не было с нами.
I
I
I
wish
wished
shall wish
I knew it for sure.
b) If the action of the subordinate clause precedes the action of the principal
clause the Past Subjunctive is used:
I wish you had stayed at home. - Мне жаль, что ты не осталась дома.
I wished you had stayed at home. - Мне было жаль, что ты не осталась
дома.
I
I
I
wish
wished
shall wish
nothing had happened.
c) If the action of the subordinate clause follows the action of the principal
clause the Present Subjunctive is used:
I
I
I
wish
wished
shall wish
you got there in good time.
To make the sentence more emphatic one can use "would + an infinitive" after
an expression of wish, but only if the subjects in both clauses are different and if the
wish refers to the present or to the future.
6
I
I
I
wish
wished
shall wish
he would (not) do it.
Note 1: When the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English it is negative
in Russian and vice versa.
I wish I had told him the truth. - Жаль, что я не сказал ему правду.
I wish I had not told him the truth. - Жаль, что я сказал ему правду.
4) in subordinate clauses of unreal comparison introduced by the conjunctions
"as if, "as though" the Present Subjunctive or the Past Subjunctive may be used.
The use of tenses is relative in this case:
a) If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action of the
principal
clause the Present Subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause:
The house is so quiet as if there were nobody there. - В доме так тихо, как
будто там никого нет.
The house was so quiet as if there were nobody there. - В доме было так тихо,
как будто там никого не было.
Her eyes are (were) sparkling as though she were laughing at us. - Ее глаза
сверкают (сверкали), как будто она смеется (смеялась) над нами.
b) If the action of the subordinate clause precedes the action of the principal
clause
the
Past Subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause:
Our life goes on as if nothing had happened. - Наша жизнь продолжается, как
будто ничего не произошло.
Our life went on as if nothing had happened. - Наша жизнь продолжалась, как
будто ничего не произошло.
Our life will go on as if nothing had happened. - Наша жизнь будет
продолжаться, как будто ничего не произошло.
She is breathing deep as if (as though) she had been running. – Она дышит
тяжело, как будто она бежала.
She was breathing deep as if (as though) she had been running. - Она дышала
тяжело, как будто она бежала.
c) If the action of the subordinate clause follows the action of the principal
clause
"would + an infinitive" is used:
He moved towards me as though he would strike me. - Он двинулся на меня,
как будто собирался меня ударить.
Note 1: Clauses introduced by "as if'", "as though" are treated as predicative
clauses when they follow the verbs "to look", "to feel", "to sound", "to seem", "to
7
be":
She looks as if she were ill.
She looks as if she had been ill for a long time.
She looked as if she would cry.
He felt as if he didn’t know her.
It will be as if nothing had happened.
5) in attributive clauses after the phrases "It is time ...", "It is high time ..." only
the Present Subjunctive is used:
It is/was time smb did smth.
It is time we had lunch.
It was time we bad lunch.
The Use of the Conditional Mood
The Conditional mood is used:
1) in the principal clause of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of
unreal
condition or concession.
If I were you I should never do this.
•Even if he had been there he wouldn't have changed anything.
2) in compound sentences (mostly with the conjunctions "otherwise'', "or",
"but", "or else"):
I am very busy, otherwise I should go with you.
The boy would study well, but he is often ill.
3) in simple sentences with implied condition:
I should like to speak to vou. (If I got a chance.)
4) in simple sentences with the expression "but for".
But for the moon it would be quite dark now.
The Old Present Subjunctive
The Old Present Subjunctive has only one form which is a homonym of the infinitive.
The main meaning of the Old Present Subjunctive is to express a problematic action not
as a real fact but as a wish, supposition, smth desirable, but not contrary to reality.
The use of the Old Present Subjunctive is limited. It can be found in the
following cases:
1) in a few set expressions rendering wish or concession:
Wish I. Success attend you! - Да сопутствует вам успех!
2. God bless you! - Благослови тебя Господь!
3. God save the king! - Боже, царя храни!
4. Be you happy! - Будьте счастливь!
8
5. Long live our friendship! - Да здравствует наша дружба!
6. Damn you! Curse you! - Будьте вы прокляты!
Concession
1. Come what may come. – Будь, что будет.
2. Be it as it is. - Пусть будет так, как есть.
3. So be it. - Да будет так.
2) It is a bookish style. It may be found in official and scientific articles and in
poetry (after words expressing necessity, wish, demands such as "to insist", "to
demand", "to require"):
The doctor insisted that the boy remain in bed.
I demand he do the job.
The regulation is that manuscripts be written on one side only.