Download Part One: - Schoolwires

Chapter Twenty-Two
World War I
Section 1
American Communities
Vigilante Justice in Bisbee, Arizona
• The radical Industrial Workers of the World
(“Wobblies”) organized a peaceful strike that won
support from over half the town’s miners in 1917
• They went on strike because they saw the war as
an opportunity to make demands
• Armed men began rounding up strikers at a copper mine
in Bisbee, Arizona.
– The sheriff and town’s businessmen justified
vigilantism by invoking patriotism and racial purity.
– Of the 2,000 men kept under armed guard, 1,400
refused to return to work and were taken on a freight
train to a small town in the desert.
• Neither the federal nor the state government would act.
• The Arizona mines operated without unions into the
1930s and with very few immigrant workers.
Section 2
Becoming a
World Power
Roosevelt: The Big Stick
• Americans believed that they had a God-given role to
promote a moral world order.
• Roosevelt Corollary
– The United States would intervene in the countries of Haiti,
Mexico, Cuba and the Dominican Republic
• Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick” approach called for
intervention.
– He secured a zone in Panama for a canal, completed in 1914.
– He expanded the Monroe Doctrine to justify armed
intervention in the Caribbean where the United States
assumed management of several nations’ finances.
• In Asia, the United States pursued the “Open Door”
policy.
• TR mediated a settlement of the Russo-Japanese
War.
– Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace prize for this
• Root- Takahira Agreement
– Agreed to uphold the Open Door Policy in China
– Recognized Japan’s colonial dominance in Korea &
southern Manchuria
– Recognized China’s & Japan’s respective colonies in East
Asia
– Supported the status quo in Asia
Taft: Dollar Diplomacy
• Roosevelt’s successor, William
Howard Taft, favored “dollar
diplomacy” that led to military
intervention to protect the
interests of America
– Taft believed that political
influence would follow
increased U.S. trade and
investments.
– American investment in Central
America doubled.
• Military interventions occurred in Honduras
and Nicaragua.
• In Asia, the quest for greater trade led to
worsening relations with Japan over the issue
ownership of Chinese railroads.
• Taft favored a revived, stronger China
Wilson:
Moralism and Realism in Mexico
• Woodrow Wilson had no diplomatic experience
before becoming president.
• He favored expanding the Open Door principle of
equal access to markets.
• He saw expansion of American capitalism in moral
terms.
– The complex realities of power politics interfered with
his moral vision.
• Unable to control the revolution in Mexico, Wilson
sent troops to Vera Cruz and northern Mexico.
• After the Mexican Revolution began Wilson
interfered with Mexican sovereignty
– He stated that he had a moral justification to do
this
• When relations with Germany worsened, Wilson
accepted an international commission’s
recommendation and withdrew U.S. troops from
Mexico.
Section 3
The Great War
The Guns of August
• Competition between Britain and Germany had led
to competing camps of alliances.
– The Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Italy, and
Austria-Hungary
– The Triple Entente (Allied Powers): England, France, and
Russia
• The alliances prevented small problems but
threatened to entangle many nations in any war
that erupted.
• Causes of the War
– Alliances
– Militarism
– Imperialism
– Nationalism
• The assassination of the Archduke of Austria by a
Serbian nationalist in 1914 escalated into a general
war.
– Germany had pushed Austria to retaliate against Serbia.
– Serbia was under the protection of Russia.
– If Serbia was attacked, Russia would enter the conflict,
bringing England and France as well.
American Neutrality
• Wilson and most Americans wanted to stay
neutral.
• Many Americans had Old World ties.
• The English and Germans bombarded Americans
with propaganda.
• Economic ties hurt American neutrality.
– Wilson opposed the British blockade of Germany but did
not trade with the Germans.
– Trade with the Allies increased dramatically.
• The U.S. had difficulty remaining truly neutral
because
– Citizens were horrified by the reports of the
fighting in Europe
– Wilson and his administration were pro-British
– The U.S. became heavily involved economically
with the Allies
Preparedness and Peace
• Germany declared the waters around Britain to be a war
zone and began submarine attacks.
• In May 1915 Germans sank the Lusitania, a British
passenger ship secretly loaded with armaments, killing
1,198 people including 128 Americans.
• In March 1916, Germany changed its submarine policy,
but Wilson pushed for greater war preparation.
– Opponents mobilized on the streets and in Congress.
• In 1916, Wilson won re-election with the slogan “He
Kept Us Out of War.”
• U.S. trade during WWI
– Demanded neutrality
– Threatened Germany that they would break
relations
– National Defense Act was passed
– Universal military training was enacted
• Opposition to preparations for the war came
from
– Jane Addams
– Lillian D. Wald
– Some of the House Democrats that were led by
Claude Kitchin
Safe for Democracy
• Germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare
in February 1917 gambling that they could destroy
the Allies before America intervened.
– Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany.
• The White House publicized a note from the
German foreign secretary to Mexico which
proposed an alliance with Mexico if the United
States entered the war.
• The fundamental reason Wilson gave as to
why the United States should declare war on
Germany in 1917 was the cause of moral
rights against wrong
• The Zimmerman note provoked an outpouring of
anti-German feeling.
– Wilson issued an executive order authorizing the arming of
merchant ships and allowing them to shoot at submarines.
– In one month German U-boats sank seven merchant ships.
• On April 6, 1917, Congress declared war.
• Reasons that pushed the U.S. to declare war
on April 1917
– Germany declaration of unrestricted submarine
warfare
– Threat of Germany-Mexico Alliance
– Zimmerman note
– Sinking of U.S. Ships
Section 4
American Mobilization
Selling the War
• Uncertain about public backing for the war, Wilson
appointed George Creel to head the Committee on
Public Information that tried to promote public support.
• Creel enlisted over 150,000 people to promote the
cause.
• The CPI:
– Developed literature
• To help explain the war
– Organized patriotic speeches before plays & movies
– Created films to support the war
• depicted Germans as bestial monsters
Fading Opposition to War
• Many progressives and intellectuals identified with
Wilson’s definition of the war as a defense of democracy.
• Women’s suffrage leaders who had initially opposed war
worked behind the war effort.
– The war effort gave women a leading role in their
communities selling war bonds, coordinating food
conservation drives, and working for hospitals and the Red
Cross.
– Many hoped that supporting the war effort would help the
suffrage cause.
• Only a minority maintained their opposition to the war.
“You’re in the Army Now”
• Recruiting a large army required a draft that met
with only scattered organized resistance.
• On the first day, nearly 10 million men registered
for the draft.
– By the end of the war 24 million had registered, 2.8 had
been called to serve, and 2 million had volunteered.
• Recruits took a range of psychological and
intelligence tests.
– Stanford-Binet test
• Revealed illiteracy rates as high as 25%
• Some praised the army for promoting
democratic equality among the troops.
Racism in the Military
• But black troops were organized into
separate units and subjected to white
harassment.
• Most had noncombat jobs, but those African
Americans who did fight served with
distinction, and were well treated by the
French.
Americans in Battle
• Initially, American support for the war effort
concentrated on protecting shipping.
– Using the convoy system
• The massive influx of American troops and supplies
hastened the end of the war.
• In 1918, fresh American troops shored up defensive
lines to stop a German advance that came within
fifty miles of Paris.
• Americans joined the counter-offensive that
followed and helped force the Germans into
signing an armistice.
• Approximately 112,000 Americans died—half
from disease —and twice that number were
wounded. However, these losses were far less
than the millions of losses suffered by
European nations.
Section 5
Over Here
Organizing the Economy
• In a sense, WWI was the ultimate progressive crusade.
• Wilson established the War Industries Board to
coordinate industrial mobilization.
– Headed by Bernard Baruch, the WIB forced
industries to comply with government plans.
• Meant less laissez faire and more government – business
cooperation
• Herbert Hoover ran the Food Administration.
• The Fuel Administration introduced daylight saving
time.
• Financing the war required new taxes.
• Most of the needed financing came from Liberty
Bond drives.
• Wartime developments that continued in the
postwar years included
– The Farm Bureau
– Lobbyists seeking special interest legislation
– Government reliance on the income tax
The Business of War
• Government regulations during the war meant less
laissez faire and more of a government business
cooperation
• Industrialists saw the war as an opportunity for
expansion and high profits.
• Henry Ford pioneered efficient mass production
techniques.
• Businessmen and farmers saw the war years as a golden
age of high demand and high profits.
– Goods bought on credit to keep up with the high demand
• The need to coordinate war mobilization:
– required more efficient management
– resulted in an unprecedented businessgovernment partnership
• Government cooperation helped to create new
corporations like RCA that set the stage for the new
radio broadcasting industry of the 1920s.
• Some worried about the trend toward a higher
government presence in their lives.
Labor and the War
• The wartime labor shortage led to higher wages and
a growth in union membership.
• The National War Labor Board (NWLB) included AFL
President Samuel Gompers and former President
Taft.
– It mediated wage disputes and arbitrated solutions that
generally led to higher wages.
– The NWLB supported workers’ rights to organize unions
and the eight-hour day.
– Improved working conditions in order to prevent strikes
• Immigration laws were eased in the
Southwest to recruit Mexican workers.
• The radical IWW was destroyed as businesses
and government cracked down on it. Over 300
“Wobblies” were arrested in a single
government roundup, effectively destroying
the organization.
• The demand for labor during WWI
– Increased the support for equal pay for women
– Support for the time- and- a half pay for overtime
– Suspension of the Immigration Act of 1917
Women at Work
• The war allowed women to shift from low paid
domestic service to higher-paying industrial jobs.
• The Women in Industry Service advised industry
on the use of women workers and won
improved conditions.
• Women earned much less than their male
counterparts.
• Women during WWI
– Worked in the war industries
– Entered into the armed forces
– Worked in manufacturing
– Women’s Bureau continued the wartime
guidelines
 Women entered directly into the armed
forces for the first time
 At the end of the conflict, nearly all women
lost their war-related jobs.
 Many wartime guidelines were continued by
the Women’s Bureau
Woman Suffrage
• The war also brought a successful conclusion to the
women’s suffrage campaign.
– Prior to WWI, women in several western states
had won the vote.
– Most suffragists had opposed entry into the war.
• Carrie Chapman Catt, a key leader, convinced her
organization to back the war effort.
• Militants like Alice Paul pursued a strategy of
agitation.
• The war made denial of women’s suffrage
seem impractical and wrong
• Catt won Wilson’s support and by 1920 the
nineteenth amendment became law.
– the war helped this amendment
Prohibition
• During the war, the temperance movement
benefited from:
– anti-German feeling that worked against
breweries with German names
– the need to conserve grain
– moral fervor associated with the entry into the
war
• Prohibition gained during the war leading to
passage of the eighteenth amendment.
Public Health
• The war effort also addressed public health issues
such as child welfare- enforcing child labor laws
• The government attempted to safeguard the soldiers’
moral health by discouraging drinking and educating
troops on the dangers of venereal disease.
– Government distribution of condoms to soldiers
• In the postwar years, clinics for prenatal and
obstetrical care greatly reduced the rate of infant and
maternal mortality and disease.
Section 6
Repression and
Reaction
Muzzling Dissent:
The Espionage and Sedition Acts
• WWI intensified social tensions in American
life, leading to oppression of dissent. The
Espionage Act of June 1917:
– Led to an increase in government spying on U.S.
citizens.
– set severe penalties for anyone found guilty of
aiding the enemy.
• It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
• It was directed at foreign spies
• Took aim at those who obstructed military recruitment
• The Military Intelligence police force grew and
a civilian Bureau of Intelligence (precursor to
the FBI) was established.
• The Sedition Act widened the government’s
power to crush antiwar opposition.
• The Supreme Court upheld the
constitutionality of these prosecutions.
• The government decided to suppress dissent
in the United States during WWI as a result
of
– Race riots- the worst in U.S. History
– Militant labor movement
– Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917
• Espionage & Sedition Act
The Great Migration
• Economic opportunity triggered a mass AfricanAmerican migration out of the South and into
northern cities.
• Black women often were the ones who moved
north first
• Kinship and community networks were pivotal to
the Great Migration.
– Black clubs, churches, and fraternal lodges sponsored
the migration of their members.
• Most migrants settled for lower-paid jobs as
laborers, janitors, porters, etc.
Racial Tensions
• Racial violence in the South had contributed to the
Great Migration.
– The NAACP held a national conference on lynching in
1919 pledging to defend persecuted African Americans,
publicize the horrors of the lynch law, and seek
legislation against it.
• In the North, white outrage at the AfricanAmerican influx exploded in a series of riots.
 African Americans who had hoped their
service in the war would be rewarded were
quickly disillusioned.
 Many returned with an increased sense of
militancy.
Labor Strife
• Peace in Europe shattered the labor peace at
home.
• Postwar labor unrest was caused by:
–
–
–
–
inflation
non-recognition of unions
poor working conditions
concerns about job security
• In 1919, there were 3,600 strikes involving 4
million workers.
– they were efforts to retain and advance gains
made during the war
• The largest was the steel strike which involved
350,000 workers and was unsuccessful.
Section 7
An Uneasy
Peace
The Fourteen Points
• Delegates from twenty-seven countries met in
Versailles to work out a peace settlement.
• The leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and the
United States dominated the conference
– The “Big Four”
•
•
•
•
United States
France
Great Britain
Italy
• Wilson offered his vision for peace in a series of
Fourteen Points.
– The right to “national self-determination”
– Liberal principles for international behavior such as
freedom of the seas
– Resetting boundaries and let the people practice selfdetermination
– International body to keep the peace through collective
security
• The most controversial point was Wilson’s vision of a
collective security through a League of Nations as a
way to maintain a stable world.
Wilson in Paris
• Wilson’s fellow negotiators shared little of his
idealism.
• His ideal of self-determination found limited
expression when independent states were carved
out of the homelands of the beaten Central
Powers.
• The victorious Allies seized control of the former
German colonies.
• Treaty of Versailles blamed the war on German
aggression
• Germany was forced to take full responsibility for
starting the war and to accept a reparations bill
of $33 billion.
• Wilson was unhappy with many of the
compromises in the final treaty but was pleased
by the commitment to the League of Nations.
The Treaty Fight
• The League did not enjoy wide support at
home, however.
– Republicans had won control of Congress and
many senators opposed American participation in
any treaty.
– Some senators were adamant isolationists; others
were racist xenophobes.
– Senate majority leader Henry Cabot Lodge of
Massachusetts and many others feared the treaty
of Versailles would commit the United States to
collective security
• Wilson went on a grueling speaking tour to drum up
support for the League. He collapsed and had a stroke.
• The Senate defeated the Versailles Treaty because
– amendments to the treaty could not be agreed upon
– The “irreconcilables” voted against it in any form
– The Republicans insisted Article X would compromise U.S.
sovereignty
• Wilson opposed any compromise and the treaty did not
pass Congress. The United States never joined the
League.
The Russian Revolution
• The Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917 led to
sending Allied troops into Russia
• The Bolshevik victory in 1917 changed the climate
of foreign and domestic affairs.
• Wilson sympathized with the overthrow of the czar.
• In August 1918, Wilson sent American troops into
northern and eastern Russia, purportedly to protect
railroad connections & pacify Britain & France
– Some troops actually participated in the Russian civil war
against the Bolsheviks.
– The troops stayed to counter Japanese influence and avoid
alienating the French and British.
The Red Scare
• In the United States, the charge of Bolshevism became a
weapon against dissent.
• The Red Scare of 1919 created an atmosphere that
suppressed labor, women and change
• A growing fear of foreigners fueled a new round of
government repression.
– Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer rounded up 6,000 alleged
radicals, despite the absence of any evidence against them.
– Many were deported without evidence
– Palmer raids deported hundreds of people without evidence
• The election of
Warren G. Harding in
1920 showed that
Americans wanted to
retreat from the
turmoil of
international affairs
and “return to
normalcy.”
• REVIEW
1. Causes of WWI
• Immediate Cause----June 28, 1914
• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria
• Hostile alliances take effect---War declared
Central Powers
vs.
Allied Powers
• Germany
Great Britain
• Austria/Hungary
France
• Ottoman Empire
Russia
• Trench warfare and the Western Front
3. President Wilson
• Calls for neutrality = conflicting sympathies
• US belief = right to trade with all nations
• Germany and Great Britain violated this policy.
notes1
4. From neutrality to war.
•German policy
•Unrestricted submarine warfare = USW
•U-Boat, sunk the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
•Zimmerman Note: Jan. 1917
5. April 8, 1917 US declares war on Germany……
• Germans violated our trade and neutrality
•War to end all war
•The world must be made safe for democracy
•Side with the Allies
notes2

1. President Wilson: The War to End All War
 War outlook in Jan. 1917
 Poor for Allies: Why?
U.S. troops in France---American Expeditionary Forces
 Led by General John J. Pershing
 US Troops
2. Actions of Wilson and Congress


3. Women in WWI
• worked in the factories
19th Amendment----women’s suffrage
4. End of War
Nov. 11th = 11-11-11 = end of the war
 Germans sign an armistice
notes3
1. President Wilson’s 14 Points
2. Treaty of Versailles = Big 4 countries
 Germany was forced to
 pay war debts = reparations---$53 billion
 Remain disarmed
 Lost all colonies
 Responsible for war
 Created new countries
3. Wilson’s Problems at Home
• Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles
• Does not join the League of Nations…….Why?
• Lodge vs. Wilson
• Draw U.S. into another war
• Took away Congress’s power to declare war.
notes5
• Americans wanted neutrality
4. Results of Treaty of Versailles
 New democracies would fail without US aid
 Germany: treaty of revenge = leads to WWII
5. Post war adjustments….
notes6
The Yanks
Are Coming!
pershing
General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the AEF. Referred to
as the Doughboys and Yanks. 2 million in France by Sept. 1918
Americans in the Trenches
Council of National Defense
 War Industries Board
 Bernard Baruch
 Food Administration
 Herbert Hoover
 Railroad Administration
 William McAdoo
 National War Labor Board
 William Howard Taft
War Industries Board
•To build weapons for the war, US industry would
undergo a massive change.
•From a peacetime industry to a war time industry…..
Led by Bernard Baruch, the WIB set prices and
determined what goods should be produced by private
industry….
US Govt. controlled the economy
•Contradiction?
War Industries Board
Food Administration: Herbert Hoover
heads effort to conserve food and boost
agricultural output
US feeds the world from the farms and
ranches in the Great Plains… ”Bread
basket of the World”
Liberty and victory gardens
Meatless and wheatless days
U. S. Food Administration
National War Garden Commission
U. S. School Garden Army
U. S. Shipping Board
U. S. Fuel Administration
Results of This New Organization
of the Economy
Is it a move towards socialism?
1. Unemployment virtually disappeared.
2. Expansion of “big government.”
3. Excessive govt. regulations in eco.
4. Some gross mismanagement -->
overlapping jurisdictions.
5. Close cooperation between public
and private sectors.
6. Unprecedented opportunities for
disadvantaged groups.
Committee on Public Information
Creel Committee, headed by
George Creel, told Americans
what the war was about and to
publicize the American aims.
Propaganda posters to get
Americans to support the war
effort.
Committee on Public Information
presidents
actions
Selective Service Act
May of 1917, President
Wilson and Congress pass
into legislation a draft or
conscription.
21 to 30 yrs. and later
extended to 40 yrs. of age.
Contradiction?
congress actions
1917 – Selective Service Act
24,000,000 men registered for the
draft by the end of 1918.

 2,810,296 drafted and served in WWI
3.7 million men served in WW1
(2,000,000 saw active combat)

 Volunteers and draftees


400,000 African-Americans
served in segregated units.
15,000 Native-Americans served as
scouts, messengers, and snipers in
non-segregated units.
congress actions
Financing the war:
•Sale of war bonds.
•Liberty and victory loans
raised $21 billion.
•Raised income taxes
congress actions
National Security vs. Civil Liberties
Espionage Act – 1917
 fforbade actions that obstructed
recruitment or efforts to promote
insubordination in the military.
 ordered the Postmaster General to
remove Leftist materials from the
mail.
 fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to
20 years in prison.
.
Espionage & Sedition Act, 1918
•Provided for up to $10,000 in fines and
20 years in prison for interfering with the
war effort or using disloyal language.
•At least 1,597 persons were arrested, and
41 received prison sentences; newspapers
criticizing the government lost mailing
privileges.
•Congress and President Wilson enacted
this law to promote patriotism,
nationalism and protect the National
Security of the US during WWI.
congress actions
National Security vs. Civil Liberties
Sedition Act – 1918
 It was a crime to speak against the purchase of
war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or
publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or
abusive language about this form of US Govt.,
 the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or
to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any
curtailment of production of things necessary or
essential to the prosecution of the war…with
intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder,
the US in the prosecution of the war.
•In 1917 the United States was at War with
Germany. WWI
•Charles Schenk, a member of the Socialist
Party, handed out leaflets condemning the
war and urging young men to resist the
military draft.
•He was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage
and Sedition Act of 1917.
•Schenk took his case to the United States Supreme Court
arguing that his constitutional right to freedom of speech had
been violated.
Issue
Can “free speech” be
censored or restricted
during war time?
SC ruling: Disagreed with Schenk
Majority opinion
BUT, every act of speech must be judged
according to the circumstances in which it was
spoken.
The most stringent protection of free speech
would not protect a man in falsely shouting
fire in a theater and causing a panic.
"Words can be weapons . . .The question in
every case is whether the words used in such
circumstances are of such nature as to create
a clear and present danger that they will
bring about the substantive evils that
Congress has the right to prevent."
•Under normal circumstances, his actions
would have been protected by 1st
amendment
•The country was at war, Schenk's
freedom of speech was not protected.
•SC ruling meant there were limits to
freedom of speech in war time.
•From the ruling, the Court established the "clear and present
danger" principle to decide whether or not certain kinds of
speech are protected.
league cartoon1
league cartoon1
league cartoon1
league cartoon1
19th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage (1920) Women won the right to
vote….Called the “Susan B. Anthony” amendment.
Vladamir Lenin
Czar Nicholas
Czar Nicholas and the Romanov Family would be overthrown
by Lenin who eventually would start the first Communistic
state……
CAUSES
•Food and fuel shortages
•Striking workers
•Terrible loses in WWI
•Czar was a weak ruler
•Marxist (communist) propaganda
spread by Lenin
EFFECTS
•King overthrown
•Russia pulls out of the war
•Russia becomes a communistic
country
•Germany sends Zimmerman Note to
Mexico
battle fronts
•German offensive in
the summer of 1918
battle fronts
to capture
Paris,
France and win the
war.
•With the help of the
U.S., the French and
British were able to
stop the German
advance.
•Germans surrender
and sign an armistice
on Nov. 11, 1918 to
end the war.