Download Imperialism

THE AGE OF
IMPERILAISM
THE WORLD AND
THE UNITED STATES
WORLD HISTORY UNIT
 AMERICAN AND WORLD IMPERIALISM
 1867-1914
IMPERIALISM
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Imperialism- when a country extends their power and influence over other
countries; may acquire new territories or just exert their influence over another
country
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THE WORLD STARTED AN IMPERIALISM RACE. GREAT BRITAIN HAD
COLONIES ON EVERY CONTINENT. THEY BOASTED THE SUN NEVER SETS
ON THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
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A COLONIAL RACE STARTED WITH NATIONS AGRESSIVELY TAKING OVER
COLONIES.
 GAMES THAT ILLUSTRATE IMPERIALISM—CHESS, CHECKERS,
MONOPOLY
 WORDS TO DESCRIBE IMPERIALISM: CONQUER, ATTACK, RULE,
CLAIM, HARSH, CHANGE
WHAT IS IMPERIALISM?
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 IMPERIALISM IS…………
 A. It is the quest for colonial empires.
 B. It is when a country extends their power
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and/or authority over other lands or
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territories.
C. It is the practice of establishing and controlling
colonies.
Why do countries become
imperialistic?
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A. For Economic Purposes
--To gain control over lands that were not colonized.
-- Factories needed more supplies due to the Industrial
Revolution which in turn made countries need more raw
materials AND natural resources.
-- To expand trade and their economy.
B. For Military Reasons
-- New inventions, such as the repeating rifles and machine guns,
made warfare and conquering lands easier.
- Countries would take over lands FOR NAVAL AND MILITARY
bases
-- Countries would take over lands to create stations.
Why do countries become
imperialistic?
 C. For Humanitarian Purposes
--Many individuals felt that it was their moral
duty to spread Christianity.
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 D. For Nationalistic reasons
--Nationalism is a devotion to one’s nation.
--To gain control over lands that were not
colonized.
--To expand the economy of a nation.
2 stages of imperialism
 Old v. New Imperialism: The 2 Phases of
Imperialism
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A. Old Imperialism occurred during the
1400’s and 1500’s. Great Britain, France, Spain,
the Netherlands and Portugal were all racing to
become colonial powers.
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B. New Imperialism occurred during the
1800’s—primarily the late 1800’s. Belgium,
Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United
States joined
the original imperialist.
THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR
EAST
 Since 1895 Japan and the European powers had been
forcing China to surrender leased territories and had
been establishing large additional spheres of economic
influence.
 In 1899 Secretary of State John Hay stated traditional
American policy in a fresh manner.
 Partly at the prompting of American commercial
interests, he addressed identical notes to the six leading
powers, asking them to affirm equal treatment for
foreign commerce within their spheres of interest in
China.
 Though the answers were ambiguous, Hay announced
that the world had accepted this Open Door Policy.
IMPERIALISM IN CHINA
 China- Americans went to China in the 1800s as
missionaries to spread Christianity. These missionaries
believed that is was their moral duty to help Christianize
the Chinese people. Many Chinese resented these
foreigners telling them that their religion was false and
so a secret society formed, called “Righteous Harmony
Fists” or “Boxers”, and they murdered over 200
missionaries in China. This event was called the Boxer
Rebellion.
 China- For years, China had been closed off to trade with
the rest of the world. Then, in the mid-late 1800s, China
CHINA AND IMPERIALISM
 opened it doors to trade with foreign countries.
Germany, France, Great Britain, and Russia eagerly
proposed a trading policy called the “spheres of
influence”. This policy allowed only these countries to
trade in China. Each country was given a “sphere” or
section of China where they could conduct trade. The US
did not agree to this policy because we were not
included. As a result, a US official (John Hay) came up
with the “Open Door Policy” which said that all
countries could trade in China wherever they wanted to.
The other countries did not object so Hay and the
Americans assumed that the other countries must have
agreed to the new policy.
FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY,
JAPAN AND RUSSIS CARVE OUT
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN CHINA.
 SECTIONS OF A MARKET CARVED OUT AND CLAIMED
BY A SPECIFIC COUNTRY.
THE UNITED STATES AND THE
FAR EAST
 In 1900 when the anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion
endangered the lives of foreigners in Peking, the
United States joined an international rescue
expedition.
 At this time Hay broadened the Open Door
Policy by sending a second note affirming
American support of Chinese territorial integrity
and calling for commercial equality in all parts of
the Chinese empire, not just the spheres of
influence.
Boxer Rebellion
THE UNITED STATES AND THE
FAR EAST
 Foreign relations inevitably brought the
United States closer to Great Britain.
 During the war with Spain, when most
European countries had opposed the United
States, Great Britain had given support.
 Like the United States, Great Britain had
wanted the status quo maintained in the Far
East as well as the Caribbean and welcomed
help in achieving this objective.
THE UNITED STATES AND THE
FAR EAST
 In many American circles, especially in the
eastern upper class, the turn of the century
saw a revival of sentiment for British
friendship on cultural and even racial
grounds.
 The pro-British tendency was not shared,
however, by those Americans who opposed
British policies in Ireland, India, and South
Africa and who still thought of England as the
stronghold of monarchy and aristocracy.
Did we follow his advice?
 President George Washington’s Farewell
Address reminded Americans that he was an
isolationists and that entangling alliances
would drag the new nation into unnecessary
wars. Isolationism is when countries avoid
 political entanglements in other nation’s
affairs, as well as, alliances.
End of isolation
 The Monroe Doctrine was established in 1823 by
President James Monroe. He said that European
nations needed to stay in their hemisphere. He
stressed that Europe need not try to come and
colonize in the Americas. He agreed to stay out of
their hemisphere if they would stay out of the
Americas. This made the United States the
protector of the Americas and set the stage for the
United States to become the international police.
20 years later, James K. Polk embraced Monroe’s
views and made them the cornerstone of his foreign
policy. James K. Polk was very involved in the Age of
Manifest Destiny.
Imperialism within USA
The Age of Manifest Destiny occurred between 1830-1860.
Manifest Destiny is a belief that the United States should
expand past the original 13 colonies. This belief stated that the
United States should expand from “sea to shining sea.”
This philosophy created tension because the constitution did not
grant the United States president the direct power of
expansion. This philosophy would eventually grow from
expansion within the United States to overseas.
The United States went through a period of economic and
territorial expansion.
During this period the following territories were added to the
United States:
Texas, Oregon, California, New Mexico, and Arizona. The United
States tried to purchase Cuba from Spain but was
unsuccessful. This gradual progression of new territories
made expansionism explode. This encouraged Americans to
deviate away from isolationism.
The United States’ policy of acting as an
international police force in the Western
Hemisphere can be traced back to the
early 1900s and the —
A Marshall Plan.
B Roosevelt Corollary.
C Open Door Notes.
D Dawes Plan.
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA AND WORLD
WAR I
 On September 6, 1901, President William
McKinley was shot by an anarchist.
 When he died a week later, Theodore
Roosevelt became President.
 This event is often taken to be the beginning
of a new period of progressive reform which
lasted until World War I.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 Reasons for America’s Turn to Imperialism
 Following the Civil War, and especially in the
1890s, the United States began to extend its
control over weaker nations in the Caribbean,
Central America, South America, and the Pacific.
 One reason for this turn to imperialism involved
the growth of American industry. Industrialists
began to look abroad for new sources of raw
materials, for additional markets for
manufactured goods, and for places to invest
surplus capital.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 Another reason for the turn to imperialism
was the closing of the frontier in 1890.
 American manufacturers and investors had to
look beyond the United States for economic
opportunities.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 The European powers were engaged in
imperialist ventures, and this set an example
for the United States.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
 Expansionists in America urged that the United
States assume its rightful place as a great power
by embarking upon a policy of imperialism.
 Most influential were the lectures and writings of
Captain Alfred Mahan. In his book The Influence
of Sea Power Upon History, Mahan urged the
United States to expand foreign markets, to
maintain a powerful navy, and to acquire
overseas bases.
 One of his strongest supporters was Theodore
Roosevelt.
FIRST ACQUISITIONS
 The United States purchased Alaska in 1867.
 Russia proposed to sell Alaska to the United States, and
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Secretary of State William Seward agreed to the
purchase.
Seward’s reasons for acceptance were gratitude to
Russia for her support of the Union during the Civil War
and a desire to reduce foreign possessions in North
America.
Many people thought “Seward’s Folly” was a waste of
$7.2 million.
Alaska received the status of an incorporated territory in
1912 as a step toward statehood.
In 1959 Alaska became the 49th state.
FIRST ACQUISITIONS
 The Samoan Islands in the South Pacific served American
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merchant ships as supply harbors and coaling stations.
Starting in 1872 the harbor of Pago Pago came under
American control.
In 1899 several of the islands were formally annexed to
the United States.
Also in the 19th century, the United States annexed the
Central Pacific island of Midway.
Today American Midway and Samoa are American
colonies and provide the United States with naval and air
bases.
Samoan Islands
Midway
FIRST ACQUISITIONS
 Hawaii served American merchant ships as a
supply and refueling station.
 It drew American missionaries who converted
the natives to Christianity, and it attracted
American investors in sugar plantations.
 Almost all the sugar grown in Hawaii was sold
to the United States.
Hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani
 THE
 HAWAIIAN
 QUEEN
FIRST ACQUISITIONS
 In 1893 revolutionaries, consisting mainly of
American settlers, overthrew the anti-American
native Queen Liliuokalani.
 A temporary republic was established in Hawaii,
and United States recognition was sought.
 President Cleveland, who believed that most
native Hawaiians preferred independence,
delayed annexation.
 In 1898, however, with McKinley in the White
House, the United States annexed Hawaii by a
joint resolution of Congress.
The acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands in
1898 was a result of United States —
A Imperialism.
B Progressivism.
C Socialism.
D Isolationism.
Americans in the late 19th century
who favored the annexation of the
Hawaiian Islands MOST commonly
supported their position by pointing
out Hawaii’s —
A rich mineral resources.
B highly skilled population.
C industrial strength.
D strategic location.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 Americans had long been interested in the
Spanish colony of Cuba.
 They recognize Cuba’s strategic location and its
importance as a key defense base.
 Americans were afraid that someday it would
pass into stronger European hands.
 Before the Civil War, some Southerners wanted
to annex Cuba as another slave state.
 During and immediately after the Civil War,
American interest in Cuba subsided.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
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Spanish rule was despotic.
The Cubans were denied civil liberties.
They were forced to pay heavy taxes.
Rebellions were suppressed.
In 1876, after a lengthy insurrection, the Spanish
promised some reforms.
 Ten years later, Spain finally abolished slavery
but still denied the Cubans self-government.
 In 1895, as a depression hit the island, Spain
faced another Cuban revolt for independence.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 There were several important causes of the
war with Spain.
 Humanitarianism was one.
 Americans sympathized with the desire of
the Cuban people for independence.
 They were outraged when Spain’s General
Weyler placed Cuban civilians in
concentration camps to prevent them from
aiding the revolution. Many died in the
camps.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 America’s economic interest in Cuba was a factor
leading to war.
 American merchants traded with Cuba to the
amount of $100 million a year.
 American investors had placed $50 million in
Cuban sugar and tobacco plantations.
 Trade with Cuba suffered from unsettled
conditions.
 Many American investors were concerned, but
others feared that war with Spain would destroy
their property and lead to laws harmful to their
interests.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 The newspapers of the period helped stir up a
revolt.
 The yellow press—especially William
Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal and
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World—sought to
increase circulation by sensational news from
Cuba.
JOSEPH PULITZER & WILLIAM
RANDOLPH
HEARSTJOURNALIST
 YELLOW
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 Journalists exaggerated stories of Spanish
atrocities and falsified news pictures while
playing down atrocities by the Cuban
revolutionaries.
 The yellow press also gave sensational
treatment to the De Lome Letter.
 Written by the Spanish minister in Washington
to a friend in Cuba and stolen from the Havana
post office, this private letter belittled President
McKinley as a weak, incompetent politician.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 The immediate cause of the war was the sinking
of the Maine.
 This battleship, visiting in Havana, was blown up
with a loss of 260 American lives.
 The cause of the explosion remains unknown,
but the American people placed the blame on
Spain.
 They were goaded into war by the yellow press
and by the jingoists, men who boasted of the
nation’s strength and wanted an overseas
empire.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 President McKinley had sought to avert war and
urged Americans to remain calm regarding Cuba.
 With the sinking of the Maine, however, he
demanded that Spain proclaim an armistice, end
the concentration camps, and negotiate with the
rebels.
 Although Spain’s reply was conciliatory,
McKinley finally yielded to American public
sentiment for war.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 At his request, Congress approved the use of
armed forces in Cuba.
 Congress also recognized the independence
of Cuba and, in the Teller Resolution, declared
that the United States would not annex Cuba
but would leave “control of the island to its
people.”
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 With “Remember the Maine!” as their battle cry,
American forces swept quickly and easily to
victory.
 One of the earliest victories was that of
Commodore George Dewey in Manila Bay.
 Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore
Roosevelt had taken advantage of his superior’s
temporary absence to direct Dewey two months
earlier to be thoroughly prepared for action.
 Dewey moved into Manila Bay and without
losing a single man sank the whole Spanish fleet
of ten ships.
The Maine
 REMEMBER THE MAINE
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 In the Caribbean, American naval forces
destroyed the Spanish fleet at Santiago,
Cuba.
 Meanwhile, American forces captured the city
after a battle famed for the heroic dash up
San Juan Hill by Theodore Roosevelt and his
Rough Riders.
“Remember the Maine” is a memorable slogan
and rallying cry in American
history. The slogan symbolizes the onset of
which of the following wars?
A World War I
B Spanish-American War
C World War II
D Korean War
AMERICANS AT WAR IN CUBA
San Juan Hill
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 In this “splendid little war,” as the diplomat
John Hay called it, more Americans died from
tropical disease than Spanish guns.
 Thoroughly beaten, Spain agreed to the
Treaty of Paris of 1898.
 In the treaty, Cuba was freed of Spanish
control.
 Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the
United States.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 The Philippine Islands were sold to the United States for
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$20 million.
The Philippines had presented a special problem to
President McKinley.
He did not feel that the United States could honorably
give them back to Spanish misrule.
Other alternatives were trouble fraught.
The ill-prepared Philippines might be seized by an
aggressive power if given their independence.
McKinley claimed that an inner voice told him the United
States should keep the Philippines and then give them
freedom later.
Philippines
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 The Treaty of Paris was accepted by the Senate over
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much opposition.
William J. Bryan unexpectedly turned out to be its
champion.
Bryan argued that the war would not officially end until
the United States had ratified the pact.
We had already taken the islands, and the sooner we
accepted the treaty, the sooner the Philippines could be
given their independence.
After Bryan had used his strong personal influence with
certain Democratic Senators, the treaty was approved
with only one vote to spare.
PRACTICE
 One form of imperialism is the extension of a
nation's political and economic power
 through the acquisition of territory. Which of
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the following conflicts involved THIS FORM OF
American imperialism?
A The Civil War
B The Spanish-American War
C World War I
D World War II
PUERTO RICO
 The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico the
status of an unincorporated territory.
 This meant that Puerto Rico was not destined
for statehood.
 Congress provided that the President of the
United States would appoint the island’s
governor and the upper house of the Puerto
Rican legislature but that the Puerto Ricans
elect the lower house.
MEAN WHAT YOU SAY!
 SPEAK
 SOFTLY
Puerto Rico
PUERTO RICO
 In 1917 the Jones Act granted the Puerto
Ricans American citizenship and the right to
elect both houses of the Puerto Rican
legislature.
 In 1947 Congress passed a law to permit the
Puerto Ricans to elect their own governor.
 Congress empowered the Puerto Ricans to
draw up their own constitution. They chose
to be freely associated with the United States
as a self-governing commonwealth.
PUERTO RICO
 Puerto Ricans can elect their own legislators and
governor.
 These officials pass and enforce laws.
 Puerto Ricans are American citizens. While on
the island, however, they do not vote in
Presidential elections and do not elect
Congressmen.
 They do send a Resident Commissioner to
Washington with power to speak, but not to
vote, on measures before the House of
Representatives.
PUERTO RICO
 Puerto Ricans are subject to most federal
laws.
 They serve in the American armed forces, and
their products enter the mainland free of
tariff duties.
 Income taxes are not levied on the citizens or
corporations of the island.
 Some Puerto Ricans want statehood, others
want independence, and some want to
continue as a Commonwealth.
CUBA & Yellow Fever
 After the Spanish-American War, an American military
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government was set up under General Leonard Wood.
Under his leadership, an attack was launched on yellow
fever.
Experiments were performed by Dr. Walter Reed and
others upon American soldiers who volunteered as
human guinea pigs.
A mosquito was proved to be the lethal carrier.
A cleanup of breeding places for mosquitoes wiped out
yellow fever in Havana, while at the same time removing
the recurrent fears of epidemics in cities of the South and
the Atlantic seaboard.
Cuba
CUBA
& Teller Amendment
 The United States honored its pledge in the Teller
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Amendment and withdrew from Cuba in 1902.
The United States was afraid that a grasping power like
Germany might take over Cuba.
The Cubans were therefore forced, despite their protests,
to write into their constitution of 1901 the Platt
Amendment.
It provided the Cuba would not sign any foreign treaty
that threatened her independence.
The United States was allowed to intervene to preserve
Cuban independence and to protect life, liberty, and
property.
The United States was granted naval bases. Under this
provision, Cuba leased to the United States the strategic
naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
CUBA
 The United States continued to dominate the
Cuban economy, even after the repeal of the
Platt Amendment.
 Americans had over $1 billion invested in Cuba.
 The United States provided the chief source of
Cuban imports of manufactured goods.
 The United States was the chief market for
Cuban agricultural and mineral exports.
 Cuba served as a vacation spot for many
Americans.
CUBA
 In 1959 rebels led by Fidel Castro overthrew
the dictatorship of Batista and seized power.
 As Castro aligned himself with the
Communist world, relations between Cuba
and the United States deteriorated.
Castro
 CUBA FALLS TO
 COMMUNISM
 WHAT DOES THAT
 MEAN?
THE PANAMA CANAL
 Americans had long wanted a canal to shorten
the boat trip between our east and west coasts
and to lower the cost of transporting goods. This
would link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
 The Spanish-American War showed the need for
a canal to provide greater mobility for our naval
fleets, to protect our new colonial empire, and to
further commerce with the Far East.
THE PANAMA CANAL
 In the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 the United
States and Great Britain agreed to share control
of any canal across Central America.
 In 1901 Secretary of State John Hay negotiated
the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty by which Britain
permitted the United States to go ahead without
her in building and operating the canal.
 In return the United States pledged to let ships of
all nations use the canal.
THE PANAMA CANAL
 Ferdinand de Lesseps, who had built the Suez
canal, attempted to construct a canal in
Panama.
 After his failure and the ratification of the
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, the United States
agreed to pay $40 million to Lesseps’
company for its property and franchise rights.
THE PANAMA CANAL
 In 1903 Secretary Hay negotiated a treaty with
Colombia to pay that nation $10 million and an
annual rental of $250,000 for the right to build a
canal across her northern province of Panama.
 The treaty was rejected by the Colombian
Senate because it hoped for better terms the
following year when the French company’s
franchise would expire.
 Rejection of the treaty worried the French canal
company, inflamed the people of Panama, and
angered Roosevelt.
THE PANAMA CANAL
 Roosevelt privately expressed the wish to see
Panama independent of Colombia.
 Shortly afterwards a revolt broke out.
 The United States openly aided the revolt by
sending naval vessels to prevent Colombian
troops from entering Panama.
 Later, Roosevelt boasted, “I took the Canal
Zone.”
 Roosevelt’s actions earned this country ill will
throughout Latin America.
 In 1921 the United States attempted to appease
Colombia by paying her $25 million.
THE PANAMA CANAL
 Hay negotiated a treaty with the new Republic of
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Panama, whose minister was the former official of the
French company, Philippe Bunau-Varilla.
The treaty provided for American control in perpetuity of
the Canal Zone, a strip of land 10 miles wide across the
isthmus.
American intervention was permitted if it was necessary
to preserve order.
Panama had to be paid an annual rental of $250,000 and
also another payment of $10 million.
George M. Goethals, an army engineer, was put in charge
of building the canal. To solve the problem of the uneven
terrain, Goethals built huge locks to raise and lower
ships. In 1914 the fifty-mile long canal was opened to
traffic.
Panama Canal
THE PANAMA CANAL
 William Gorgas, an army medical officer, wiped out malaria
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and yellow fever in the Canal Zone.
By maintaining proper sanitation, Gorgas enabled the workers
to complete the canal.
To protect the canal, the United States fortified the Canal
Zone.
It extended influence over the nations bordering the
Caribbean, thus converting the Caribbean into an American
lake.
The United States maintained military bases throughout the
Caribbean, notably in Puerto Rico and at Guantanamo Bay in
Cuba.
In 1917 the United States purchased the Virgin Islands from
Denmark.
The Roosevelt Corollary, which said that the
United States would intervene when
countries in the Western Hemisphere
became unstable, was an “extension” made
by President —
A Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe
Doctrine.
B Theodore Roosevelt to the Open Door
Policy.
C Franklin Roosevelt to the Good Neighbor
Policy.
D Franklin Roosevelt to the Truman Doctrine.
The acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands in
1898 was a result of United States —
A Imperialism.
B Progressivism.
C Socialism.
D Isolationism.
Americans in the late 19th century
who favored the annexation of the
Hawaiian
Islands MOST commonly supported
their position by pointing out Hawaii’s
—
A rich mineral resources.
B highly skilled population.
C industrial strength.
D strategic location.
TEDDY ROOSEVELT
HOWARD TAFT
WOODROW WILSON
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND
IMPERIALISM
THEODORE ROOSEVELT 1901-1909
PUERTO RICO
 The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico the
status of an unincorporated territory.
 This meant that Puerto Rico was not destined
for statehood.
 Congress provided that the President of the
United States would appoint the island’s
governor and the upper house of the Puerto
Rican legislature but that the Puerto Ricans
elect the lower house.
Teddy Roosevelt 1901-1909
 Foraker Act 1900- Congressed passed this
act to grant Puerto Rico a civil government
led by their own legislature.
Puerto Rico
PUERTO RICO
 In 1917 the Jones Act granted the Puerto
Ricans American citizenship and the right to
elect both houses of the Puerto Rican
legislature.
 In 1947 Congress passed a law to permit the
Puerto Ricans to elect their own governor.
 Congress empowered the Puerto Ricans to
draw up their own constitution. They chose
to be freely associated with the United States
as a self-governing commonwealth.
PUERTO RICO
 Puerto Ricans can elect their own legislators and
governor.
 These officials pass and enforce laws.
 Puerto Ricans are American citizens.
PUERTO RICO
 Puerto Ricans are subject to most federal
laws.
 They serve in the American armed forces, and
their products enter the mainland free of
tariff duties.
 Income taxes are not levied on the citizens or
corporations of the island.
 Some Puerto Ricans want statehood, others
want independence, and some want to
continue as a Commonwealth.

Platt Amendment-this was an addition to the
Cuban constitution. This restricted the rights of Cubans.
This granted the USA the right to be the “protectorate” of
Cuba and to intervene in their affairs.
CUBA
 The United States honored its pledge in the Teller
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Amendment and withdrew from Cuba in 1902.
The United States was afraid that a grasping power like
Germany might take over Cuba.
The Cubans were therefore forced, despite their protests,
to write into their constitution of 1901 the Platt
Amendment.
It provided the Cuba would not sign any foreign treaty
that threatened her independence.
The United States was allowed to intervene to preserve
Cuban independence and to protect life, liberty, and
property.
The United States was granted naval bases. Under this
provision, Cuba leased to the United States the strategic
naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
CUBA
 Using the Platt Amendment, the United
States intervened four times to restore
order in Cuba and safeguard American
lives and investments.
 These interventions caused considerable
resentment among Cuban nationalists.
 With Cuban consent, the United States
retained the naval base at Guantanamo
Bay.
CUBA
 The United States continued to dominate the
Cuban economy, even after the repeal of the Platt
Amendment.
 Americans had over $1 billion invested in Cuba.
 The United States provided the chief source of
Cuban imports of manufactured goods.
 The United States was the chief market for Cuban
agricultural and mineral exports.
 Cuba served as a vacation spot for many
Americans.
CUBA
 In 1959 rebels led by Fidel Castro overthrew
the dictatorship of Batista and seized power.
 As Castro aligned himself with the
Communist world, relations between Cuba
and the United States deteriorated.
Castro
 CUBA FALLS TO
 COMMUNISM
 WHAT DOES THAT
 MEAN?
TEDDY ROOSEVELT 1901-1909
 BIG-STICK DIPLOMACY- was promoted by
Teddy Roosevelt and required the presence of a
strong military. Roosevelt used this policy to
gain control of the Panama Canal project from
Columbia.
 Big Stick Policy coined from a favorite African
saying…..”Speak softly and carry a big stick.”
 America a superior nation that should civilize or
“uplift” weaker nations.
 America’s “captains of the industry” were elite
and wanted to compete with other European
nations.
MEAN WHAT YOU SAY!
 SPEAK
 SOFTLY
THE PANAMA CANAL
 Hay negotiated a treaty with the new Republic of
Panama, whose minister was the former official of the
French company, Philippe Bunau-Varilla.
 The treaty provided for American control in perpetuity of
the Canal Zone, a strip of land 10 miles wide across the
isthmus.
 Panama had to be paid an annual rental of $250,000 and
also another payment of $10 million.
 George M. Goethals, an army engineer, was put in charge
of building the canal. To solve the problem of the uneven
terrain, Goethals built huge locks to raise and lower
ships. In 1914 the fifty-mile long canal was opened to
traffic.
Panama Canal
Building of the
Panama Canal
American Imperialism 1867-1914
The Roosevelt Corollary, which said that the
United States would intervene when
countries in the Western Hemisphere
became unstable, was an “extension” made
by President —
A Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe
Doctrine.
B Theodore Roosevelt to the Open Door
Policy.
C Franklin Roosevelt to the Good Neighbor
Policy.
D Franklin Roosevelt to the Truman Doctrine.
TR hand picks Taft!!! Until
1912
William Howard Taft 1909-1913
 Dollar Diplomacy was Taft’s foreign policy that
aimed to increase American investments
throughout Central America and the Caribbean.
 Substitute dollars for bullets
 Americans invested in plantations, mines, oil
wells and railroads.
 Sometimes Dollar Diplomacy required Taft to
use Big Stick Doctrine. Example Nicaragua in
1909 and 1912 in order to protect a proAmerican government there.
“We stand at Armageddon and do battle
for the Lord!”
TR, 1912 Progressive Convention
Woodrow the Wimp and Taft
THE ELECTION OF 1912
Teddy the Great?
William Howard Taft
Woodrow Wilson









3RD
PROGRESSIVE
PRESIDENT
TR GAVE
HIM THE
ELECTION
PRESIDENT
DURING WORLD
WAR I
President Woodrow Wilson 1912
 Moral Diplomacy was a new foreign policy by
president Woodrow Wilson.
 Moral Diplomacy stated NEVER again would
we set foot on territories as a conquest.
 Moral Diplomacy set forth human rights,
national integrity and opportunity.
 Wilson preferred Moral Diplomacy over “BIG
STICK DOCTRINE” but used troops in Haiti to
protect American investments from France
and Germany.
Wilson and Mexico
 Pancho Villa, Mexican leader, raided a New
Mexico town and killed 18 Americans. 10,000
American troops were sent to capture Pancho
Villa but failed to do so. In 1917, Wilson
withdrew troops from Mexico due to World
War I.