Download i. cardiovascular system

I. CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
System that transports nutrients,
gases, hormones, and cellular waste
products throughout the body
B. Parts
1.Blood: carries nutrients, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and cellular waste
products to and from your body
cells.
a. plasma: liquid component of
blood that carries blood cells and
dissolved materials.
A.
b. Platelet: particle that helps blood
clot
c. red blood cell: transports oxygen to
body cells and removes carbon
dioxide; contain hemoglobin.
d. hemoglobin: an iron rich protein
that helps transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood
e. white blood cell: attacks, surrounds
and destroys pathogens (germs)
2. Blood vessesls
a. artery-carries blood away from heart,
coronary: supplies to heart; pulmonary:
supplies to lungs
b. Vein-returns blood to the heart
c. Capillary-thin walls allowing transfer of
nutrients, oxygen, co2, and waste between
blood and body cells
3. Heart-four chambered muscle that
continually pumps blood throughout
the body.
a. atria: two upper chambers
b. ventricles: two lower chambers
c. aorta: main artery in the body
d. heart-rate: number of times heart
contracts each minute
e. pulse-surge of blood from contractions
f. blood pressure-force of blood
against artery walls
C. Keeping system healthy
1. reduce amount of fat in diet
2. reduce amount of salt
3. exercise regularly
4. avoid using tobacco products
5. maintain healthy weight
6. practice stress management skills
II. Nervous System
A.
B.
Carries messages to and from the brain
and spinal cord and other parts of the
body
Parts
1.Central nervous system
a. Brain-mass of nerve tissue that acts as
the control center of the body; weighs
about 3 pounds
1. Cerebrum-largest part of the brain,
controls ability to memorize, think,
and learn
2. Cerebullum-controls and
coordinates muscle activity
3. Brain stem-controls
functions of internal organs
b. Spinal cord-column of nerve
cells that extends downward
from the brain
and carries messages to and from your brain
and all parts of your body.
c. Nerve Cells
1. Neuron: a nerve cell that is the
structural and functional unit of the
nervous system; made up of:
1. cell body-main body of the neuron
2. axon-elongated fiber that carries
impulses away from cell body to the
dendrite
3. dendrite-branching fiber that receive
impulses and carry to cell body
4. Sensory neurons-carry impulses
from sense organs to spinal cord
and brain
5. Motor neurons-carry responding
impulses to muscles and glands
from brain and spinal cord; cause
responses in muscles and glands
C. How to keep system healthy
1. Wear a protective helmet
2. Avoid diving into shallow water
3. Use a safety belt
4. Follow directions for taking meds
5. Avoid drinking alcohol and using
drugs that impair functions of brain
6. Follow directions for using
household products that contain
chemicals that may affect nervous
system

III.
Immune System
A. System that removes harmful
organisms from the blood and
combats pathogens-germs
B. Parts of immune system
1. Lymph is a clear liquid that
surrounds body cells and
circulates in lymph vessels,
carries harmful pathogens to
lymph nodes
2. Lymph node is a structure
that filter and destroys
pathogens
3. Spleen is an organ on left
side of body, that filters
foreign matter from blood
and lymph
C. Important information
1. Immunity is the body’s resistance
to disease-causing agents; white
blood cells are formed in bone
marrow and circulate in the blood
2. White blood cells are changed to
T cells, which are white blood
cells that destroy pathogens,
in the thymus gland.
3. B Cell is another kind of
specialized WBC that produces
antibodies (protein that fights
infection)
D. How to keep healthy
1. Choose foods that are
high in protein and
vitamin B
2. Keep accurate records of
all immunizations
3. Get plenty of rest and
sleep
4. Exercise to keep bones
dense and protect bone
marrow
IV. Respiratory System
A. System providing body cells with
oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
B. Air enters through nose or mouth
during inhalation, mucus warms the
air and traps dust particles and
pathogens
1. Mucus-thick secretion that
moistens, lubricates, and
protects mucous membranes
2. Mucous membrane-type of
tissue that lines body cavities and
secretes mucus
C. Parts
1. Epiglottis-flap that covers
entrance to the trachea when
you swallow
2. Trachea-tube through which air
moves to the bronchi and lungs
3. Cilia-hairlike structures that
remove dust and other particles
4. Bronchi-two tubes through which
air moves to the lungs
5. Lungs-main organs of the
respiratory system
6. Bronchioles-small tubes that
branch to form alveoli
7. Alveoli-microscopic air sacs, thin
walls so O2 and CO2 can easily
pass through them
D. How to keep healthy
1.Do not smoke
2.Avoid breathing secondhand smoke
3.Do not inhale harmful drugs
4.Avoid breathing polluted air
5.Exercise regularly
6.Avoid inhaling harmful chemicals
7.Seek medical help for respiratory
infections
V. Skeletal System
A. System that serves as a support
framework, protects vital organ, works
with muscles to produce movement, and
produce blood cells
B. Parts
1. Bone-structural material of skeletal
system
2. Periosteum-thin tissue that covers
bone and contains nerves and
blood vessels
3. Bone marrow-soft tissue in the
center of most bones, both red
and white blood cells are formed
4. Cartilage-soft, connective tissue
on the ends of some bones; acts
as a cushion where bones meet;
shock absorbers;
5. Ligament-tough fiber that
connects bones together
6. Joint-point where two bones
meet
C. How to keep healthy
1. Choose foods rich in calcium,
phosphorus, and vitamin D
2. Exercise to strengthen joints
3. Wear protective equipment and
properly-fitting, well-cushioned
shoes and warm up before
exercising
4. Sit, stand and walk with correct
posture
VI. Muscular System
A. System that consists of muscles that
provide motion and maintain posture
B. Voluntary muscle-person can control
1. Skeletal-attached to bone
C. Involuntary-functions without persons
control
1. Smooth muscle-found in many
internal organs
2. Cardiac-specialized tissue found only
in the heart
D. Tendon-tough tissue fiber that
attaches muscles to bones
E. How to keep healthy
1. Discontinue exercise if you have
a muscle injury
2. Warm up and stretch before
exercise
3. Exercise different muscle groups
regularly
4. Maintain your desirable weight
5. Bend at the knees and keep your
back straight when lifting
6. Select foods and beverages
containing carbohydrates and
proteins for energy and muscle
development
7. Sleep on a firm mattress

VII. Endocrine System
A. Body system that consists of glands that
produce hormones.
1. Gland-group of cells that secrete hormones
2. Hormone-chemical messenger released into
bloodstream
B. Parts
1. Pituitary gland-produces hormones that control
growth and other glands. Often called master
gland
2. Thyroid gland-produces thyroxin which controls
metabolism and calcium balance
1. Metabolism-rate at which food is converted into energy