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ANATOMY 8/6/15 Please get out the following items: lab composition notebook textbook Permanent marker (if you have one) CHAPTER 1 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LAB NOTBEOOK SETUP 1. Put name on the front cover as well as along the outside of the white pages. 2. On the first 3 pages (Front and back) put the following heading and underline. Date Title of Activity Page # THE HUMAN BODY AN ORIENTATION Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function ANATOMY LEVELS OF STUDY Gross Anatomy – when we look at our own body Large structures Easily observable Microscopic Anatomy – when we look at cells and tissues of the body Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The parts of your body form a wellorganized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole. Summary: Each structure has a specific FORM to fulfill its FUNCTION LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Chemical Level Simplest level Atom – tiny building blocks of matter Atoms combine to form molecules. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Cellular Level Cell – the smallest units of all living things Cells are made up of molecules. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Tissue Level Tissues consist of similar types of cells that have a common function. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Organ Level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Organ System Level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Organism Level Highest level of structural organization. Human organisms are made up of 11 organ systems. STOP! ANATOMY 8/7/15 • Complete BODY Systems graphic organizer that you received yesterday. • Turn into class box. • Then see Mrs. Lathem for next assignment. AGENDA 8/10/15 1. PICK UP YOUR LAB COMPOSITION NOTEBOOK. 2. ADD TO YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS. 8/10/15 BODY SYSTEM OVERVIEW/ HOMEOSTASIS NOTES ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Integumentary Organ System – skin Functions: Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Skeletal System Organs – cartilages, joints, and bones Functions: Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Muscular System Organs – skeletal muscles Functions: Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Nervous System Organs – brain, spinal cord, and nerves Functions: Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Endocrine System Organs – pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, testis, ovary Functions: Secretes regulatory hormones Hormones responsible for growth, reproduction, and metabolism ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Cardiovascular System Organs – heart and blood vessels Functions: Transports materials in the body through the blood Materials transported includes oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Lymphatic System Organs – lymph nodes Functions: Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Respiratory System Organs – nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs Functions: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Digestive System Organs – mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus Functions: Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Urinary System Organs – kidney and urinary bladder Functions: Eliminates wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulation of water and electrolytes ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW Reproductive System Organs: Male – penis, testis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate gland Female – mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina Functions: Production of offspring NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc. Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS Metabolism Chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction Production of offspring Growth Increasing cell size and number SURVIVAL NEEDS Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions SURVIVAL NEEDS Water 60-80 % of body weight Single most abundant chemical substance in the body Provides for metabolic reaction Stable Body Temperature Must be maintained at around 98F Atmospheric Pressure Must Be Appropriate The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis = Maintenance of a stable internal environment = A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease As we age, our body organs become less efficient, and our internal conditions become less and less stable. MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Control Mechanism: The receptor responds to changes in the environment and sends information to the control center (brain). The control center determines the set point (98.6) and determines the appropriate response. FEEDBACK MECHANISMS Negative Feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Works like a household thermostat Your body’s thermostat is located in a part of the brain called the HYPOTHALAMUS It shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity FEEDBACK MECHANISMS Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus or disturbance In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby STOP! THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS Anatomical Position – the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward Table 1.1 on page 12 – go over these BODY LANDMARKS Anterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms Posterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15) Sagittal Section A cut made along a lengthwise plane of the body – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal Section When the cut is made down the middle of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15) Frontal Section A cut made along a lengthwise plane - divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Also known as Coronal Section Transverse Section A cut made along a horizontal plane – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Also known as Cross Section BODY CAVITIES Dorsal Body Cavity – 2 subdivisions Cranial Cavity – the space inside the bony skull; contains the brain Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column BODY CAVITIES Ventral Body Cavity – contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen Thoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and heart; separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle = DIAPHRAGM Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller subdivisions: Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver, and intestines Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS 4 quadrants (page 17, figure 1.8A) ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS 9 regions (page 17, figure 1.8B) ABDOMINOPELVIC MAJOR ORGANS page 17, figure 1.8C