Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Organ Systems of the Body Organ – made of at least two kinds of tissue that can perform complex functions Organ System – a group of organs that are working together 11 Organ Systems: 1.Integumentary 9.Digestive 2.Skeletal 10.Urinary 3.Muscular 11.Reproductive 4.Nervous 5.Endocrine 6.Circulatory 7.Lymphatic 8.Respiratory Integumentary System Contains following organs: 1.Skin/cutaneous- 20 lbs.(16% of body mass!) 2.Hair 3.Nails 4.Sensory receptors (CIPA) 5.Sweat glands 6.Oil Glands (sebacious) Functions: 1.Protection- against infectionproper hygiene, etc… 2.Regulation of body temperature 3.Synthesis of chemicals & hormones 4.Sensory organ Skeletal System: 1.Structure A.Bones -206 in adults – why more bones in babies? B.Joints –between bones for movement Bones are held together by ligaments, and ends are protected by cartilage. Functions: 1.Support 2.Protection 3.Movement 4.Formation of blood cells 5.Storage of minerals – calcium & phosphorous Muscular System: Structure: 1.Voluntary (skeletal) are under our control -biceps 2.Involuntary (smooth) are not under our control – examples?? 3.Cardiac (heart) - involuntary Functions: 1.Movement 2.Maintain body posture 3.Produce body heat When stimulated by nerve impulses muscle tissue shortens/contracts, and movement occurs – if attached to bones Nervous System: Structure: 1.Brain – 10%-20% is used? (not true!) 2.Spinal cord 3.Nerves Primary Functions: 1.Communication between body functions 2.Integration of body functions working together 3.Control of body functions – movement 4.Recognition of sensory stimulihot, cold, pressure, pain All functions regulated by nerve impulses- very fast, & allow us to do several things at same time. Example: walk, talk, chew gum, & text simultaneously. Endocrine System:(hormone system) Structure: 1.Pituitary gland – pea sized master gland- in skull 2.Pineal gland –internal clock 3.Hypothalamus-body temp. 4.Thyroid gland-metabolism 5.Parathyroid glands-regulate calcium in blood Contd. 6.Thymus gland-immunity 7.Adrenal glands-regulates salts & adrenalin (“fight or flight” response)…example? 8.Pancreas-insulin production 9.Ovaries (female) - estrogen 10.Testes (male) - testosterone Functions: 1.Communication, integration, and control 2.Control is slow but long-lasting 3.Secrete hormones into blood to regulate: a.Growth b.Metabolism c.Reproduction Circulatory System:(cardiovascular) Structure: 1.Heart (2 atria & 2 ventricles) 2.Blood 3.Blood Vessels – arteries, veins & capillaries -arteries – carry 02 blood away from heart -veins – carry de-02 blood to heart Functions: 1.Primary – transportation of blood containing: -oxygen -carbon dioxide -nutrients -hormones -wastes – to excretory organs 2.Regulate body temperature Lymphatic System:(collection & filtration) Structure: 1.Lymph nodes-in arm pits, groin,& throat 2.Lymph vessels- carry lymph 3.Thymus (immunity) 4.Spleen (immunity) 5.Tonsils (annoyance!!, possible immunity?) Functions: 1.Transportation of whitish fluid called “lymph”; contains lymphocytes (wbc’s), proteins and fatty molecules Lymph comes from fluid around body cells – diffuses into lymph vessels –passes through thoracic duct into veins Lymphatic system moves fluids and fat-related nutrients from digestive tract back to blood. 2.Aids the Immune system Respiratory system: Structure 1.Nose 2.Pharynx-throat 3.Larynx-voice box (adam’s app.) 4.Trachea-windpipe (emergency tracheotomy for oxygen) 5.Bronchi Function: 1.Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli of the lungs Alveoli - millions of tiny air sacs in lungs; destroyed by tar in cigarette smoke – which also causes emphysema – obstruction in the lungs. (Asthma – bronchi) Digestive System: Primary Organs: 1.Mouth 2.Pharynx 3.Esophagus – peristalsis movement 4. Stomach - HCL 5.Small Intestine - digestion 6.Large Intestine – water absorption 7.Rectum 8.Anal Canal Accessory Organs: 1.Teeth 2.Salivary glands – salivary amaylase 3.Tongue 4.Liver – filters blood, makes bile 5.Gall Bladder – stores bile 6.Pancreas – makes insulin + enzymes Functions: 1.Mechanical (physical) and chemical breakdown of food 2.Absorption of nutrients 3.Elimination of undigested waste; feces Appendix – structural, but not a “true” functional part -inflammation = appendicitis Urinary System: Structure: 1.Kidneys 2.Ureters 3.Urinary bladder 4.Urethra Functions: 1.Kidneys filter blood continually – remove waste (urine) – flows thru ureters & is stored in bladder – passes out of body thru urethra. Males – urethra carries urine &sperm Females – urinary & reproductive passages are separate 2.Water balance 3.Electrolyte balance 4.Acid/base balance Reproductive System: MALE: 1.Gonads/testes – make sperm 2.Vas deferens –ducts that transport semen to urethra 3.Prostate gland – adds fluid & nutrients to sperm 4. Epididymis – storage & maturation of sperm 5.Penis & scrotum – external genitalia Structure: (contd.) Female: 1.Gonads – ovaries - eggs 2.Fallopian tubes – “attach” to ovary via fimbria (cilia) 3.Uterus – menstruation/fetus 4.Vagina 5.External – genitalia (vulvaext.part of vagina) and mammary glands (breasts) Functions: 1.Survival of species 2.Production of gametes – sperm & egg cells 3.Transfer & fertilization of gametes 4.Development & birth of offspring 5.Nourishment of offspring 6.Production of sex hormones (testosterone & estrogen) Organ Replacement Nonvital organs: Tonsils, 1 kidney, appendix, spleen,ovary,testes,1 lung, arms & legs Vital Organs: Liver, pancreas, heart, brain Artificial organs (prothesis) – hands, arms, legs, pacemaker,artificial joint(hip),dialysis Machines(kidneys),cochlear implants(ears), Cornea implants(eyes) *** less successful for vital organs, but improving constantly Organ transplantation – organ rejection by recipient is major problem --- Cyclosporine- an immunosuppressive drug hinders rejection - weakens immune system & can lead to serious infection Another solution: Stem cells & bone marrow! (reduce rejection), 3-D print!! Free-flap surgery – build new organs from a patient’s own body tissues Example: parts of the intestine can be used to repair the urinary bladder : veins from the leg are used in by-pass surgery in the heart