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6 weeks review 4th 6weeks 7. 6 B, C; 7.7 B; 7.12 B,E,F 7. 6 B • Distinguish between physical and chemical changes in the digestive system • Physical- changes shape, size and texture: Mechanical= chewing, pushing, mixing (mouth, stomach) • Chemical- changes molecules into something new: acids, enzymes, absorption ( mouth, stomach, intestines) 7. 6 C • As carbohydrates are digested and broken down by the body, they are converted into glucose (blood sugar), which is then used or stored as energy. 7.7 B • Illustrate the transformation from chemical energy to heat energy in digestion • -the food you eat is chemical energy • -your digestive system breaks the food down into molecules that are the nutrients and energy you need for survival • -the chemical energy in your food is converted to different chemical energy and thermal energy • -the thermal energy is given off as heat 7.12 B Circulatory Function • Heart- pumps blood • Blood Vessels- elastic walls to transport blood to and from heart and rest of body – Arteries (away) thick – Veins (to) thin – Capillaries very thin where actual exchange of gases, nutrients and waste occur • Blood- RBC=Carries oxygen, WBC=fights infection and Platelets =clot when cut to prevent the loss of this vital fluid. • Blood is pumped by the heart simultaneously into two circuits: the pulmonary and systemic circuits. • The pulmonary system takes blood through the lungs where gas exchange occurs • The systemic system transports blood to all parts of the body where exchange with tissue fluid takes place. • Blood pressure created by the pumping of the heart forcing valves to open and close. 7.12 B Respiratory Function • • • • • • • • Mouth/nose/nostrils Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Trachea Bronchi Aveoli Capillaries • Oxygen-laden air is inhaled into the alveoli of the lungs. • Blood within the pulmonary artery is oxygenpoor and contains a large concentration of carbon dioxide. • As blood passes through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into the alveoli. • Carbon dioxide is exhaled by moving from the alveoli to the nose. • Blood within the pulmonary vein is oxygen-rich since carbon-dioxide has been traded for oxygen as blood passes through the lungs. 7.12 B Digestive Function • Like a blender because both break down food into smaller pieces. • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Large intestine • Within the digestive tract the food is broken down to nutrient molecules small enough to be absorbed by the villi of the small intestine. • Digestive enzymes are produced by the digestive tract and by the pancreas. • In addition the liver produces bile, an emulsifier that plays a role in the digestion of fats. • Bile, which is stored in the gallbladder, enters the small intestine along with the pancreatic enzymes. 7.12 B Excretory Function • Like a wastewater facility because both filter out wastes from liquids • Urine- end-products of metabolism and excess salts and water. • Kidney • Ureters • Bladder • urethra • As blood passes through the kidneys, urine is made and excreted. • Blood is first filtered and all small molecules, including both nutrients and wastes, enter a nephron. • Then the nutrient molecules and much of the salts and water are reabsorbed back into the blood, while unwanted substances remain within the nephron to become a part of urine. 7.12 B Integumentary Function • Like the shrink wrap on a music CD because they both provide protection of internal materials 7.12 E • Function s in a cell to functions in an organism • Provides support: cell wall- skeletal system • Waste storage and removal: lysosomeexcretory system • Control center: nucleus- nervous system 7.12 F • Cell theory to maintain life