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SCSH 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 SAP1 Students will analyze anatomical structures in relationship to their physiological functions. SAP4: Students will analyze the physical, chemical, and biological properties of process systems as these relate to transportation, absorption and excretion, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and immune systems. 1. What is the Circulatory System? An internal transport system. 2. List and describe the three parts of the human circulatory system: BLOOD .A fluid tissue composed of water, dissolved solids, and living cells. Blood Vessels .Tubes of various diameters through which blood is transported. HEART .Muscular pump that generates pressure to keep blood flowing. 3. Describe an open circulatory system. a) Blood is pumped from a heart into large tissue spaces where organs are bathed in blood fluid. b) Blood is returned to the heart at a leisurely rate. Examples include Arthropods and mollusks. 4. Describe a closed circulatory system and give an example. a) All the vessels and the heart are connected so that blood remains enclosed. b) Blood volume is constant; rate slows as blood moves through the capillary beds. Examples: all vertebrates, including humans. 5. Explain how the Lymphatic system is linked to the circulatory system: a) The lymphatic system picks up excess liquids, solutes, and disease agents from the interstitial fluid. b) The lymph is cleansed by exposure to white blood cells before being returned to general circulation. 6. List the four functions of the blood: a) It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells,and carries secretions and waste away from the cell. b) It carries phagocytic cells that fights infection. c) It helps stabilize internal pH. d) It equalizes body temperatures in birds and mammals. 7. How much blood is found in an average adult? “4 – 5 quarts” 8. Describe the blood plasma: a) Liquid portion of the blood – mostly water. b) Contains specialized plasma proteins. c) Contains ions, glucose, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, and dissolved gases. 9. List and describe the specialized proteins found in the plasma. Alpha Globulins .Transports Lipids Beta Globulins .Transports vitamins Gamma Globulins .Functions in the immune response Fibrinogen .Functions in blood clotting. Red blood cells 10. Name of red Blood cells. ERYTHROCYTES 11. Shape of Red Blood cells: Biconcave disks. 12. Name of protein In red blood cell: HEMOGLOBIN (Iron containing) 13. Function of the Red blood cell: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide gas. 14. Where are red Blood cells made? In the red bone marrow from stem cells 15. What is the Difference between The red stem cells And the adult red Blood cell? The stem cells have a nucleus and undergo mitosis to create new red blood cells. The adult red blood cells has NO nucleus and cannot divide! 16.What is the Lifespan of the Mature red blood Cell? Then, they are attacked and destroyed by phagocytic white blood cells. 17. What is the ratio of red blood cells to total blood volume? Males: 5.4 Million / microliter Females: 4.8 Million / microliter 18. Why do you suppose that males have a higher ratio of red blood cells than females? Men need more oxygen for greater ATP production because they have a greater muscle mass and are genetically designed to do harder work. 19.Name of white blood cells: “LEUCOCYTES” 20. LIST THE JOBS OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS: A)Remove dead or worn out cells. B)Protect the body from invading microbes. 21. Where are the white blood cells made? They are made from stem cells in the bone marrow. 22. List and describe the five types of white blood cells. . The “B” AND “T” Cells are involved in the immune system. Immature macrophage – follows chemical trails to inflamed tissues,there they develop into macrophage and attack the pathogen Responds to an injury alert. Stands guard and fights bacteria that would hinder the healing process. Responds to damaged tissues. Their job is to prevent clotting of the red blood cells during the healing process 23 WHAT ARE PLATELETS? Blood Cell Fragments 24 WHAT DO PLATELETS DO? Forms a blood clot that is used to plug leaks in the blood vessels. 25 WHAT IS THE AVERAGE LIFE SPAN OF PLATLETS? 5–9 DAYS 26. Describe the general pathway of the blood: 1 .Blood leaves the heart. 2 .Travels through huge arteries 3 . Arteries branch out into smaller arterioles. 4 .Arterioles branch into capillaries. Capillaries go to individual cells and deliver nutrients and pickup waste products. 5 . Capillaries deliver the Trash – laden blood to the venules. 6 .Venuoles merge to form veins 7 .Veins return the blood to the heart. 27. What is the Pulmonary Circuit? a) Chambers and vessels that make up the RIGHT side of the heart. b) Collects oxygen poor blood from the body and sends it to the lungs. 28. What is the Systemic Circuit? a) Chambers and vessels that make up the LEFT side of the heart. b) Receives oxygen RICH blood from the lungs and sends it out to the entire body. 29. What is a Capillary bed? A mesh of capillaries where diffusion occurs between the blood and various body tissues occurs. 30. Why is the blood detoured through the liver after leaving the digestive system before it is allowed back into general circulation? 1)Filter out unwanted toxins. 2)Change some nutrients to a more usable form 31. Describe the CONSTRUCTION of the heart: a) The heart itself is made of Cardiac Muscle. b) The heart is enclosed in a tough fibrous sac called the PERICARDIUM. C) The chambers of the heart are lined with connective tissue and endothelium. 32. Differentiate oxygen poor blood and oxygen rich blood: Oxygen rich Blood contains a fresh load of oxygen from the lungs. Oxygen Poor: This blood is low in oxygen, and loaded down with carbon dioxide waste. 33. Major vessel that brings oxygen poor blood from the lower parts of the body: Inferior Vena Cava 34. Major vessel that brings oxygenpoor blood from the UPPER parts of the body: Superior Vena Cava 35. Chamber that receives the oxygen poor blood: Right Atrium 36. Chamber that sends this oxygen poor blood to the lungs: Right Ventricle 37. Major vessel that carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs Pulmonary Artery 38. Major vessel that brings oxygen rich blood from the lungs – back to the heart: Pulmonary Veins 39. Chamber that receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs. Left Atrium 40. Chamber that sends oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body. Left Ventricle 41. Vessel that carries oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body Aorta 43. Identify the following heart valves: Tricuspid Type: Atrioventricular Location: separates the right Atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid Type: Atrioventricular Location: separates the left Atrium and left ventricle Pulmonary Valve Type: Semi-lunar Location: Separates the Right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Aortic Valve Type: Semi - Lunar Location: Separates the left ventricle and the Aorta. 43. How is the heart muscle itself serviced? Fed? Nutrient rich blood is delivered to the cardiac muscle through the Coronary Arteries. Waste Removal? Waste is removed from the heart cells by blood traveling in the Coronary veins. 44. What is meant by the cardiac cycle? The cardiac cycle is a sequence of contractions and relaxations. 45. Differentiate Systole and Diastole: Systole is a measure of the amount of pressure exerted as the ventricles pump blood out of the heart. Diastole is the pressure exerted while the heart is between contractions and is refilling the ventricles. 46. Explain how the two sides of the heart work in unison: a)Both Atria fill up at the same time. b)Pressure from the filled atria open both A-V valves at the same time. c) Both Ventricles fill up at the same time. d) Both A-V valves slam shut at the same time. e)Both ventricles contract at the same time. f) Blood leaves ventricles, goes through the S-L and out the arteries at the same time. g) Both S-L valves slam shut at the same time. 47. What is normal heart sound? LUB - DUB 48. What causes normal heart sound? Lub = slamming of the two atrioventricular valves. Dub = slamming of the two semi-lunar valves 49. What causes a heart murmur? Occasionally, one of those valves will not shut properly, and a little backflow of blood occurs. 50. Describe the sound of the heart beat with a heart murmur: Lub-Swish-dub Or Lub-dub-swish 51. What is a heart beat? The unified contractions of the cardiac muscle. 52. Describe the cardiac conduction system: Electrical stimulation for atria contraction comes from the sinoatrial node. This signal is then passed to the atrioventricular node for ventricle contraction. Circulatory System Part Two 1. What happens to blood pressure as it travels through the circulatory system? Blood pressure drops along the way due to resistance. 2. Which direction does arteries carry blood? Arteries carry blood as it is traveling AWAY from the heart. 3. Explain how the construction of the artery wall affects blood pressure: Because of their muscular , elastic walls, arteries tend to smooth out the pressure changes caused by the discontinuous pumping cycle of the heart. 4. What happens to the blood pressure as the blood leaves the arteries and enters the arterioles? The blood pressure drops! Why does this happen? Only a portion of the total blood flow enters. First step in the Resistance factor occuring. 5. What is the role of the ARTERIOLES? Arterioles function as a breakdown station that redirects the blood to the capillaries. 6. How is the nervous system and the endocrine system involved in blood pressure? Neural and endocrine signals cause changes in arteriole diameter by stimulating the muscle cells in the walls of the arterioles. 7. What is considered a good “average” blood pressure? 120 80 8. What is the difference between Systole and Diastole pressure? 120 80 Systole Diastole Systole=pressure caused by the beating of the heart. 120 80 Systole Diastole Diastole = pressure that occurs while the heart is at rest. 9. What is the name of the device used to measure blood pressure? Sphygmomanometer 10. How is the medulla oblongata involved in monitoring blood pressure? a) Monitors signals from various arteries to determine the rate of heartbeat and any changes. b) If the blood pressure increases, the arterioles are instructed to relax. (vasodilation) c) If the pressure decreases, the diameter of the arterioles decreases = vasiconstriction d) Hormones such as epinephrine and angiostensis send signals to adjust arteriole diameter. 11. Explain how and why the nervous system would control the blood volume: a) Nerves make adjustments in heart rate and vessel diameter to meet tissue need. b) Local conditions, such as need for more oxygen and nutrients, cause changes in rate of flow near those tissues. 12. What is the role of the capillaries? The capillaries are DIFFUSION ZONES for EXCHANGES between blood and interstitial fluid. 13. Describe a capillary: a) Smallest blood vessel. b) Red blood cells travel in single file. c) Wall are only 1 cell thick to allow for diffusion of the gases to occur. SCSH 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 SAP1 Students will analyze anatomical structures in relationship to their physiological functions. SAP4: Students will analyze the physical, chemical, and biological properties of process systems as these relate to transportation, absorption and excretion, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and immune systems. 14. Explain the four modes of movement across the capillary: a) Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas b) Endocytosis and exocytosis of proteins. c) Movement of ions between adjacent cells d) Bulk flow of water by OSMOSIS. 15. Why is Venous pressure low? The blood has experienced a lot of resistance on its way back to the heart, therefore pressure is low. 16. What prevents back flow of blood in veins? The presence of one-way valves in the veins. 17. Explain the role that the veins play in blood storage: Veins can be used as blood reservoirs Because their walls can distend or contract. 18. Since the pressure in the veins is so low, what causes the blood to flow through the veins at all? The movement of skeletal muscles squeezes the veins 19. What is HEMOSTASIS? The process of repairing the damage when a blood vessel ruptures. 20. List the steps of hemostasis: a) Spasms of the smooth muscles in the damaged blood vessel stops blood flow for a few minutes. Platelets clump to plug the rupture. b) c) The blood coagulates and forms a clot; the clot then retracts into a compact mass. Explain how red blood cells are recognized by the body. 21. The red blood cell has surface proteins that serve as “self” markers. 22. What would happen if the body’s immune system came in contact with blood cells that had “foreign” markers? Antibodies recognize the markers as foreign. The foreign cell is destroyed. Blood Type: “A” Marker present: “A” marker Can donate to: A or AB Can receive from: A or O Blood Type: “B” Marker present: “B” marker Can donate to: B or AB Can receive from: B or O Blood Type: “AB” Marker present: “A” & “B” markers Can donate to: AB only Can receive from: A, B, AB, or O Blood Type: “O” Marker present: No marker present Can donate to: All types Can receive from: “O” only 24. What happens if incompatible donors and recipients are mixed? Blood cells will clump up. (AGGLUTINATION) 25. What will happen if a Rh negative person is transfused with Rh positive blood? The Rh negativeperson will develop antibodies against the Rh positive marker. The Rh positive blood will be destroyed by the immune system of the Rh negative person. 26. Explain ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS and preventative measures that can be taken: a- The first time a Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive child, her body will produce antibodies against the Rh positive marker. b- The next time that the Rh negative mother carries a Rh positive baby, Her antibodies will attack the fetus. This results in erythroblastosis fetalis if too many cells are destroyed and the baby dies. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES: After the delivery of each Rh positive child, the Rh negative mother must be given an injection of PHOGAM. This will inactivate the Rh antibodies SCSH 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 SAP1 Students will analyze anatomical structures in relationship to their physiological functions. SAP4: Students will analyze the physical, chemical, and biological properties of process systems as these relate to transportation, absorption and excretion, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and immune systems. 27. What does the lymphatic system do with the excess fluid that it absorbs from the interstitial fluid? It is returned to the blood stream 28. What is the name of the tissue fluid that is traveling through the lymphatic system? LYMPH 29. WHAT ARE LYMPH NODES? What is their job? What ? A collection point for white blood cells. Their job? To destroy any pathogenic pollution that may be in the lymph. 30. What is the role of the following lymphoid organs: SPLEEN Remove old red blood cells and holds macrophages and reserve red blood cells. In human embryos, it produces red blood cells. Thymus Secretes hormones that regulate the activity of lymphocytes and is a site where they multiply and mature.