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Chapter 1 Notes The Human Organism Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure. Ex. Anatomy describes the shape and size of bones. • Physiology – the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. LZHS McGraw-Hill Types of Anatomy • Gross Anatomy- structures examined without a microscope. – Systemic- studied system by system. – Regional- studied area by area. – Surface- external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging. • Microscopic Anatomy- structures seen with a microscope. – Cytology: cellular anatomy. – Histology: study of tissues. LZHS McGraw-Hill Topics of Physiology • Reveals dynamic nature of living things. • Considers operations of specific organ systems. – Cell physiology- examines processes in cells – Neurophysiology- focuses on the nervous system – Pathology – Exercise Physiology LZHS McGraw-Hill Structural & Functional Organizations • Chemical level – Atoms – Molecules • • • • • Cell level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level LZHS McGraw-Hill Terminology and the Body Plan • Anatomical Position- body erect, face forward, feet together and palms face forward • Other Body Positions – Supine: lying face upward. – Prone: lying face downward. LZHS McGraw-Hill Directional Terms Superior- A structure above another. Inferior- A structure below another. Anterior- The front of the body. Posterior- The back of the body. Dorsal-Back area. Ventral-Stomach area. Proximal- Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure. Distal- Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure. Medial- Toward the midline of the body. Lateral- Away from the midline of the body. Superficial- Toward or on the surface. Deep- Away from the surface, internal. LZHS McGraw-Hill Body Terms LZHS McGraw-Hill LZHS McGraw-Hill Characteristics of life • Organization- condition in which there are specific relationships and functions. • Metabolism- all chemical reactions of the body. • Responsiveness- ability to sense changes and adjust. • Growth • Development- changes over time. – Differentiation- change from general to specific. – Morphogenesis- change in shape of tissues, organs. • Reproduction- new cells or organisms. LZHS McGraw-Hill 1. CONCEPT CHECK! What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? -A: study of the structures & parts of an organism -P: study of the processes & functions 2. What are the levels of organization of living things? Describe them. -cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms 3. What is metabolism? -all the chemical reactions in the body 4. What is the difference between growth and development? -growth: increase in height or mass -development: changes over time (differentiation & morphogenesis) LZHS McGraw-Hill Body Parts and Regions • Upper limb- consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, & hand. • Lower limb- consists of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. • Central region of body- consists of the head, neck and trunk. – Trunk: divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis. LZHS McGraw-Hill Body Planes • Sagittal plane- divides the body vertically into right & left portions – Midsagittal/Median- divides the body into equal right and left halves. – Parasagittal- runs vertically through the body to one side of the midline • Transverse (Horizontal)- divides the body into superior & inferior portions. • Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. LZHS McGraw-Hill LZHS McGraw-Hill Body Cavities • Thoracic Cavity- surrounded by the rib cage – Mediastinum- contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, blood, & vessels. – Diaphragm- large muscle that separates upper & lower cavities • Abdominal Cavity – Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. • Pelvic Cavity – Contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestines, and the internal reproductive organs. • Ambdominopelvic- large double cavity below breathing muscle LZHS McGraw-Hill Serous Membranes • Serous membranes- covers the organs & lining of the trunk cavities. – Visceral-thin membrane that covers the organs within the cavity. – Parietal- wall of body cavity that covers its surface. • Pericardial cavity- surrounds the heart • Pleural cavity- surrounds each lung. LZHS McGraw-Hill Systems of the Body Systems Studied • Integumentary-consists of skin, hair, nails & sweat glands • Skeletal-protects/supports body, produces blood cells, & stores minerals (bones) • Muscular-consists of muscles (movement) • Nervous-consists of brain & spinal cord, nerves & receptors • Vascular-blood • Circulatory-consists of the heart and blood vessels • Respiratory-exchanges gases btn the blood & air & regulates blood pH • Digestive-breaks down food & absorbs nutrients • Reproductive-ability to reproduce new offspring Not Studied…But still important to the body • Endocrine-consists of glands that secrete hormones • Lymphatic-maintains tissue fluid balance & absorbs fat • Urinary-removes waste products from the circulatory system & regulates blood pH LZHS McGraw-Hill Homeostasis • Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values. • Set point- the ideal normal value of a variable. – What is the set point for body temperature? LZHS McGraw-Hill Negative Feedback • Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. • 3 Components – Receptor: monitors the value of some variable (Ex. Blood Pressure) – Control Center: establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained – Effector: can change the value of the variable. LZHS McGraw-Hill Negative Feedback LZHS McGraw-Hill Positive Feedback • When a deviation occurs, response is to make deviation greater. – Leads away from homeostasis. – Can result in death. LZHS McGraw-Hill