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Chapter 1 Notes
The Human Organism
Overview of Anatomy and
Physiology
• Anatomy
– the scientific discipline that investigates
the body’s structure. Ex. Anatomy
describes the shape and size of bones.
• Physiology
– the scientific investigation of the
processes or functions of living things.
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Types of Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy- structures examined
without a microscope.
– Systemic- studied system by system.
– Regional- studied area by area.
– Surface- external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.
• Microscopic Anatomy- structures seen
with a microscope.
– Cytology: cellular anatomy.
– Histology: study of tissues.
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Topics of Physiology
• Reveals dynamic nature of living things.
• Considers operations of specific organ
systems.
– Cell physiology- examines processes in cells
– Neurophysiology- focuses on the nervous
system
– Pathology
– Exercise Physiology
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Structural & Functional
Organizations
• Chemical level
– Atoms
– Molecules
•
•
•
•
•
Cell level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level
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Terminology and the Body Plan
• Anatomical Position- body
erect, face forward, feet
together and palms face
forward
• Other Body Positions
– Supine: lying face
upward.
– Prone: lying face
downward.
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Directional Terms
Superior- A structure above another.
Inferior- A structure below another.
Anterior- The front of the body.
Posterior- The back of the body.
Dorsal-Back area.
Ventral-Stomach area.
Proximal- Closer to the point of attachment to the body
than another structure.
Distal- Farther from the point of attachment to the body
than another structure.
Medial- Toward the midline of the body.
Lateral- Away from the midline of the body.
Superficial- Toward or on the surface.
Deep- Away from the surface, internal.
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Body Terms
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Characteristics of life
• Organization- condition in which there are
specific relationships and functions.
• Metabolism- all chemical reactions of the body.
• Responsiveness- ability to sense changes and
adjust.
• Growth
• Development- changes over time.
– Differentiation- change from general to
specific.
– Morphogenesis- change in shape of tissues,
organs.
• Reproduction- new cells or organisms.
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1.
CONCEPT CHECK!
What is the difference between anatomy and
physiology?
-A: study of the structures & parts of an organism
-P: study of the processes & functions
2. What are the levels of organization of living
things? Describe them.
-cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
3. What is metabolism?
-all the chemical reactions in the body
4. What is the difference between growth and
development?
-growth: increase in height or mass
-development: changes over time (differentiation &
morphogenesis)
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Body Parts and Regions
• Upper limb- consists of the arm, forearm, wrist,
& hand.
• Lower limb- consists of the thigh, leg, ankle, and
foot.
• Central region of body- consists of the head,
neck and trunk.
– Trunk: divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen, and
pelvis.
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Body Planes
• Sagittal plane- divides the body vertically into
right & left portions
– Midsagittal/Median- divides the body into equal right
and left halves.
– Parasagittal- runs vertically through the body to one
side of the midline
• Transverse (Horizontal)- divides the body into
superior & inferior portions.
• Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts.
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Body Cavities
• Thoracic Cavity- surrounded by the rib cage
– Mediastinum- contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea,
esophagus, blood, & vessels.
– Diaphragm- large muscle that separates upper & lower cavities
• Abdominal Cavity
– Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and
kidneys.
• Pelvic Cavity
– Contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestines, and the
internal reproductive organs.
• Ambdominopelvic- large double cavity below breathing
muscle
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Serous Membranes
• Serous membranes- covers the organs & lining of
the trunk cavities.
– Visceral-thin membrane that covers the organs within
the cavity.
– Parietal- wall of body cavity that covers its surface.
• Pericardial cavity- surrounds the heart
• Pleural cavity- surrounds each lung.
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Systems of the Body
Systems Studied 
• Integumentary-consists of skin, hair, nails & sweat glands
• Skeletal-protects/supports body, produces blood cells, & stores
minerals (bones)
• Muscular-consists of muscles (movement)
• Nervous-consists of brain & spinal cord, nerves & receptors
• Vascular-blood
• Circulatory-consists of the heart and blood vessels
• Respiratory-exchanges gases btn the blood & air & regulates blood pH
• Digestive-breaks down food & absorbs nutrients
• Reproductive-ability to reproduce new offspring
Not Studied…But still important to the body 
• Endocrine-consists of glands that secrete hormones
• Lymphatic-maintains tissue fluid balance & absorbs fat
• Urinary-removes waste products from the circulatory system &
regulates blood pH
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Homeostasis
• Values of variables
fluctuate around the
set point to establish
a normal range of
values.
• Set point- the ideal
normal value of a
variable.
– What is the set point
for body temperature?
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Negative Feedback
• Most systems of the body are regulated
by negative-feedback mechanisms that
maintain homeostasis.
• 3 Components
– Receptor: monitors the value of some
variable (Ex. Blood Pressure)
– Control Center: establishes the set point
around which the variable is maintained
– Effector: can change the value of the
variable.
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Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback
• When a deviation occurs, response is to
make deviation greater.
– Leads away from homeostasis.
– Can result in death. 
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