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Main components of the respiratory system Proudly presented to you by: Ang Kai Ren (1) Lim Li Gang (9) Tan Zhen Hao, Brian (22) Wu Fu En (26) Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen. Strictly speaking, aerobic means ‘in air’, but it is the oxygen in the air which is necessary for aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is in the absence of air. Aerobic Respiration Formulas Word Formula: Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy RESPIRATION IN THE HUMAN BODY Nose A protuberance that contains the nostrils, which are in charge of admitting and expelling air for respiration together with the mouth Functions: Cleans the air of dust and other impurities Warms the air if it is too cool Moistens the air if it is too dry Nose cavity Location Large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face Function Filtered by the cilia Moistened by the mucus membranes Warmed by the blood capillaries Diaphragm • The diaphragm is located directly below the lungs. • The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts and flattens during inhalation, which causes the chest cavity to expand. • This manoeuvre creates a vacuum which pulls air into the lungs. • During exhalation, the diaphragm then relaxes, returns to its previous shape, and air is forced out of the lungs. Pharynx Where is it located? Part of the throat directly behind the mouth and naval cavity What are its functions? Transports food into stomach Transports air into lungs Plays an important role in vocalisation (talking, making noises) Can be divided into three distinct regions: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Located above the part of the pharynx that food enters At its base are the soft palate (roof of the mouth) and pendulous uvula (the conical projection from the middle of the soft palate, in other words the thing that dangles from the roof of your mouth) When swallowing, the soft palate and the pendulous uvula will point upwards to prevent air or food from passing through the nasopharynx, preventing severe disruption of breathing Oropharynx The mouth leads into the oropharynx. The walls of the oropharynx are lined with mucus which changes slightly to adapt to handling food as well as air. Laryngopharynx Acts as a common passageway for both food and air The gullet is at the base of the laryngopharynx, and is tasked with directing food and air to their appropriate locations Occasionally it will get confused and mistakes occur. Swallowing air leads to increasingly frequent burping, while inhaling food or liquid results in impulsive coughing until the substance is expelled Trachea (Profound word for windpipe) STRUCTURE •Approximately 9 to 15 cm in length. •Descends anterior to the esophagus, enters the superior mediastinum, and divides into right and left main bronchi. •Has 15 to 20 C-shaped bars of hyaline cartilage that prevent it from collapsing. •Longitudinal elastic fibers enable the trachea to stretch and descend with the roots of the lungs during inspiration. •Is supplied mainly by the inferior thyroid arteries. Its smooth muscle is supplied by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, and pain fibers are carried by the vagi. •It is surrounded by cartilage rings. FUNCTION •Main conduit of air to and from the lungs. •Connected to the bronchi which are like the branches of a tree. Bronchi Structure • Connected to the trachea Function • Carries the gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) deep into the lungs (no gaseous exchange carried out) Bronchioles Function Acts as connections for the bronchus to the alveolar sacs Divide into Terminal and Respiratory bronchioles • The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage. They are branches of the bronchi. The bronchioles terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveoli. Aveoli Function • • • • Carbon dioxide(travelling from the blood to the lungs) is released here Picks up oxygen which is carried to the rest of the body by red blood cells Gaseous exchange is carried out through diffusion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwXvqSqAgKc Respiration in the aveoli Inhaling Exhaling Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2OcGgJbiU k&feature=related • From the start to 1:59 References • Nose • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose • Respiratory System • www.ambulancetechnicianstudy.co.uk/respsystem.html • http://www.buzzle.com/articles/structure-of-the-human-respiratorysystem.html • Videos • www.youtube.com Thank You!