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The Respiratory System
1. What is the
role of the
respiratory
system?
The respiratory
system is responsible
for the exchange of
gases between the
blood and the
external
environment.
2. What exactly
would happen if
the respiratory
system failed to
do its job
The body cells would
begin to die from
oxygen starvation
and the
accumulation of
carbon dioxide gas.
3. Please label
the major
respiratory
organs:
4. Where do the
respiratory organs
that function as
conducting
passageways carry
the air to?
The alveoli
Air sacs
5. Explain what
happens to the
air while it is
traveling in the
conducting
passageways.
(a)They
purify,
humidify, and
warm the
incoming air.
b) This allows the
air that is coming
into the lungs to
be cleaner, be
warm, and damp.
(
6. Describe
the
construction
of the nose:
(a) The
nose is the
external
visible part
of the
respiratory
system.
(b)Air
enters the
nose by
passing
through the
external
nares.
AKA.
Nostrils.
(c) The
interior of the
nose consists
of the nasal
cavity, which
is divided by
a midline
NASAL
SEPTUM.
7. Where are the
olfactory
receptors
located?
The olfactory
receptors are
located in the
mucosa in the slit
like superior part
of the nasal cavity.
8. What is the
function of the
nasal mucosa that
does not contain
olfactory
receptors?
(a) Blood
vessels within
the mucosa
release heat
that warms the
air.
b) Goblet cells
within the mucosa
release nasal
mucus that serves
a two fold
function:
(
1- to dissolve all
incoming
chemicals in the
air so that the
olfactory
receptors can pick
them up
2- To act as a snare to
trap any foreign object
that tries to enter the
nasal cavity. The
mucus wraps itself
around the foreign
object and creates a
“pearl”.
. How does the
body get rid of
these nasal
“pearls”?
9
(a) The ciliated
cells of the nasal
mucosa create a
gentle current
that moves the
contaminated
mucus to the
back of the
throat where it is
swallowed and
dissolved by
stomach juice.
(b)
Sometimes
, if they get
too hard,
they have
to be
physically
removed.
10. Why do
you get a
runny nose
when it is cold
outside?
When it is cold
outside, the cilia
get sluggish and
don’t create the
current to move
the mucus to
the back of the
throat. The
mucus builds
up, and dribbles
out.
11. What
is the role
of the
conchae?
Role?
(a)To
increase
the surface
area of the
mucosa
exposed to
the air.
(b)
The conchae
also increase the
air turbulence in
the nasal cavity.
As the air swirls
through the twists
and turns, inhaled
particles are
deflected onto the
mucus coated
surface where they
are trapped.
12.
What is
the role
of the
palate?
The
palate
separates
the nasal
cavity
from the
mouth.
The anterior
portion is
supported
by bone and
is called the
hard palate.
The posterior
part is
unsupported
by bone and
is called the
soft palate.
Explain
the
genetic
defect
called
“CLEFT
PALATE”
Failure of the
bones forming
the palate to
fuse together
Results in
breathing
difficulty as well
as problems with
chewing and
speaking.
14.
Explain the
location
and the
role of the
paranasal
sinuses:
a) The
sinuses are
cavities
within the
bones of
the skull.
b) The
sinuses
lighten the
skull, and
act as
resonance
chambers
for speech.
c) The sinuses
produce mucus
that drains
into the nasal
cavities.
Suction
produced by
blowing your
nose will help
drain the
sinuses.
15. Describe
the
condition
known as
RHINITIS.
Give some
causes of it.
Rhinitis is an
inflammation of the
nasal mucosa.
Excessive mucus
produced results in
nasal congestion and
postnasal drip.
Rhinitis may
be caused by
the cold
virus, or by
allergies
(A) The
sinuses
become
infected with
bacteria,
causing
swelling and
pain.
(B) When the
passageways
connecting the
sinuses to the nasal
cavity are blocked
with mucus or
infectious matter, the
air in the sinus
cavities is absorbed.
The result is a partial
vacuum and a sinus
headache localizes
over the inflamed
area.
17.What is
the
PHARYNX?
A muscular
passageway
, commonly
called the
throat.
It is
about 5
inches
long.
Passage
way for
air and
food.
18.
Explain
the
movemen
t of air
through
the
pharynx:
(a) Air
enters the
superior
portion
called the
nasopharynx
(b) Through the
oropharynx and
into the
laryngopharynx
to enter into the
larynx below.
19.
Explain
the
passage of
food
through
the
pharynx:
(a) Food enters
the mouth and
then travels
along with air
through the
oropharynx and
laryngopharynx.
(b) The food
then enters
the
esophagus
and is
carried to
the stomach.
20. Why do ear
infections
usually follow a
sore throat?
The auditory tube empties
into the throat.
The mucosa of the throat
and the mucosa of the
auditory canal are one
continuous lining.
If one gets infected, so does
the other one.
21. Where are
the tonsils
located and
what is their
function?
Lymphatic
tissue found
in the
pharynx.
A.
Their role is to
produce
lymphocytes
that fight
infection.
The tonsils do not
function as well today
as they used to
because children are
exposed to more
disease.
A.
As these tonsils attack
foreign bacteria, they
can become infected
and become a serious
problem. (tonsillitis)
22. Describe
the LARYNX
Located
behind the
pharynx.
A.
It is formed by
eight rigid hyaline
cartilages and a
spoon-shaped flap
of elastic cartilage
called the
epiglottis.
B.
23. What is
the Adam’s
Apple?
The largest
of the
hyaline
cartilages
.
A shield shaped
thyroid
cartilage which
protrudes
interiorly.
24. What is
the two part
role of the
larynx?
The epiglottis
swells and closes
off the trachea
when swallowing
food. It closes off
the esophagus
when breathing.
A.
Part of the mucous
membrane of the
larynx forms a pair of
folds, called the VOCAL
FOLDS which vibrate
with expelled air
which allows us to
speak.
B.
25. What is
the
GLOTTIS?
The slit-like
passageway
between the
vocal folds.
26. What
is the
TRACHEA?
A.
The windpipe.
It directs the air
from the pharynx
down into the
lungs.
B.
27. Describe
the role of the
cilia that line
the trachea:
The cilia
beat
continuously
in the
direction
opposite to
that of the
incoming air.
The cilia propel
mucus, loaded
with dust
particles and
other debris away
from the lungs to
the throat where
it can be
swallowed or spit
out.
28. What
affect does
smoking have
on these cilia?
Smoking inhibits
ciliary activity
and ultimately
destroys the cilia.
Without the cilia,
coughing is the only
means of
preventing mucus
from building up in
the lungs.
29. What is
the HEIMLICH
MANEUVER?
A procedure
in which the
air in a
person’s own
lungs is used
to “pop out”
or expel, an
obstructing
piece of food.
30. List the steps
in performing the
Heimlich
maneuver on a
conscious adult.
From
behind, wrap
your arms
around the
victim's waist.
1.
2. Make a fist and
place the thumb side
of your fist against
the victim's upper
abdomen, below the
ribcage and above
the navel.
3. Grasp your fist
with your other hand
and press into their
upper abdomen with
a quick upward
thrust. Do not
squeeze the
ribcage; confine the
force of the thrust to
your hands.
4. Repeat
until object
is expelled.
31. List the steps
in performing the
Heimlich
maneuver on an
unconscious adult:
Place the victim
on back. Facing
the victim, kneel
astride the victim's
hips.
1 1.
2
With one of your hands on top
of the other, place the heel of
your bottom hand on the upper
abdomen below the rib cage and
above the navel.
2
3
Use your body
weight to press into
the victim's upper
abdomen with a quick
upward thrust.
1.
4
Repeat until object
is expelled. If the
Victim has not
recovered, proceed
with CPR.
5
The Victim should
see a physician
immediately after
rescue.
6
Don't slap the victim's
back. (This could make
matters worse.)
32. Describe The
Heimlich Maneuver for
CHOKING INFANTS:
Lay the child down, 1
face up, on a firm
surface and kneel or
stand at the victim's
feet, or hold infant on
your lap facing away
from you.
2
Place the middle
and index fingers of
both your hands
below his rib cage
and above his navel.
1.
3
Press into the victim's
upper abdomen with a
quick upward thrust; do
not squeeze the rib
cage.
1.
4
Be very gentle.
Repeat until
object is expelled.
33. The
Heimlich
Maneuver for
DROWNING
1
Place victim on back.
Turn face to one side to
allow water to drain
from mouth
2
Facing victim, kneel
astride victim's
hips.
3
With one of your hands on top
of the other, place the heel of
your bottom hand on the upper
abdomen below the rib cage and
above the navel.
4
Use your body weight to press
into the victim's upper abdomen
with a quick upward thrust.
Repeat until water no longer
flows from the mouth.
34.
What
are the
primary
bronchi?
A
The right
and left
bronchi are
formed by
the division
of the
trachea.
.
B
Each primary
bronchus runs
obliquely
before it
plunges into
the medial
depression of
the lung on its
own side.
..
C
The smaller
subdivisions
of the primary
bronchi within
the lungs are
direct routes
to the air
sacs.
.
35.
Describe
the
lungs:
1
A. Paired
large organs
that make
up the
majority of
the thoracic
cavity.
2
B. Each lung
is divided to
lobes, the
left lung has
two lobes
and the right
lung has
three lobes.
3
C. Within
the lungs
are
millions of
air sacs
called the
alveoli.
4
D. The
primary
bronchi
subdivide
into smaller
bronchiole
tubes which
deliver the air
to the alveoli.
36.
Describe
the
alveoli:
A
The alveoli
are grouped
in clusters
that look
like grapes.
B
The walls of the
alveoli are
composed
largely of a
single, thin
layer of
squamous
epithelial cells.
C
The external
surface of the
alveoli is
covered with
a cobweb of
pulmonary
capillaries.
D
Gaseous exchange
of carbon dioxide
and oxygen occur
by diffusion
between the
cobweb like
capillary bed and
the alveoli.
37. Discuss the
four distinct
events that
make up
RESPIRATION:
PULMONARY VENTILATION
Air moves
into and out
of the lungs
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Gas exchange
between the
capillaries and the
alveoli. Occurs by
diffusion.
RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT
Oxygen and carbon
dioxide must be
transported to and from
the lungs and tissue cells
of the body via the blood
stream.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
At systemic
capillaries, gas
exchanges must be
made between the
blood and tissue cells.
38. Identify
the two part of
breathing
mechanics:
INSPIRATION
Movement
of air into
the lungs.
EXPIRATION
Movement of
air out of the
lungs
39. What role does
the diaphragm and
external intercostals
muscles play in
breathing? SEE
PAGE 394
During
Inspiration
1.When these muscles
contract, the lungs increase in
size, thus allowing more air to
enter.
2.The diaphragm acts like a
wedge to hold the lungs open.
During
expiration
When the intercostals
relax, and the
diaphragm drops back
into place, the lungs
are compressed and
and we exhale.
40. Discuss the
following
nonrespiratory air
movements:
Cough
A
Taking a deep
breath, closing
the glottis, and
forcing air from
the lungs
against the
glottis.
Cough
B
Then the
glottis opens
suddenly and a
blast of air
rushes upward.
Cough
C
Coughs act to
clear the lower
respiratory
passageways.
Sneeze
A
Similar to a
cough, except
that expelled
air is directed
through nasal
cavities
instead of the
mouth.
Sneeze
The uvula
becomes
depressed and
closes the oral
cavity off from
the pharynx,
routing the air
through the
nose.
Sneeze
Clears the
upper
respiratory
passages.
Crying
Inspiration
followed by
release of
air in a
number of
short
breaths.
Crying
Primarily,
an
emotionally
induced
mechanism
Laughing
Essentially
the same as
crying in
terms of the
air
movements
produced.
Laughing
Primarily
an
emotionally
induced
mechanism
Hiccups
Sudden inspirations
resulting from
spasms of the
diaphragm; initiated
by irritation of
diaphragm or phrenic
nerves, which serve
the diaphragm.
Hiccups
The sound
occurs when
inspired air
hits the
vocal cords.
.
Yawn
Very deep
inspiration,
taken with
jaws wide
open.
Yawn
Formerly believed
to be triggered by
need of oxygen,
but this theory is
now being
questioned.
Ventilates all
alveoli at one time.
41. List three
factors that will
affect
respiratory
capacity:
Size
Sex
Age
Physical
condition
.
42. What is
meant by
TIDAL
VOLUME?
The normal
amount of air
that comes into
the body with
each breath
Amount =
approximately
500 ml (1 pint)
43. What is
the
INSPIRATORY
RESERVE
VOLUME?
The amount of
air that can be
taken in forcibly
over the tidal
volume.
44. What is
the
EXPIRATORY
RESERVE
VOLUME?
The amount of
air that can be
forcibly
exhaled.
45. What
is
hypoxia?
1
Oxygen
starvation
to the cells
Caused by
inadequate
oxygen delivery
to the body.
2
3
In light skin people,
the skin will pick up
a blue color. In dark
skin people, the
fingernails will turn
blue.
4
May be caused by
anemia, heart
disease, or
impaired or blocked
blood circulation.
46. Explain
carbon
monoxide
poisoning:
1
A unique type of
hypoxia. Carbon
monoxide gas from the
environment binds with
the hemoglobin instead
of oxygen.
The cells
cannot use
carbon
monoxide, so
they die.
2
3
Because CO is a
colorless, odorless
gas, the victims do
not notice a problem.
Victims fall asleep
and die in their sleep.
47. Describe
some factors
that influence
our breathing:
Valition:
Consciously holding our
breath. A person cannot
consciously hold their
breath until they die.
Involuntary controls will
force you to breath.
Emotional factors
Being scared, mad or
sexually excited will
cause you to hold your
breath or to
hyperventilate.
Chemical factors
Inhaling certain
chemicals will
cause you to
increase your rate
of breathing.
48. What is
HYPERVENTILATION?
1
Rapid breathing, like
when a person has an
anxiety attack, will
decrease the amount of
carbon dioxide in the
blood.
2
The
person
may get
dizzy or
even
faint.
3
Once the
carbon dioxide
levels are
equaled out in
the blood, the
episode will be
over.
49. What are
chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
diseases?
Diseases
caused by
extreme
pollution to
the lungs.
Most all
victims of
these
diseases are
heavy
smokers.
1
2
Characterized
by difficulty
breathing
3
Coughing
and
frequent
pulmonary
infections.
4
Most have
hypoxia.
50. Explain the
following chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
diseases.
Emphysema
Alveoli
enlarge and
burst.
Tissue
becomes
inelastic and
hard.
Chronic bronchitis
Mucosa of the lower
respiratory passages
become severely
inflamed and produces
excessive amounts of
mucus. Victim cannot
get enough air into the
lungs. As the mucus
begins to invade the
alveoli, this condition
turns into pneumonia.
51. What is
the major
cause of
lung cancer?
Smoking is the number one
cause of lung cancer. The
pollutants in the smoke
damage the cilia to the point
they cannot do their job.
The bronchial tubes stay
irritated, and the alveoli stay
full of mucus because it can’t
get out.
Carcinogenic
chemicals in
the smoke,
cause the cells
to go through
mitosis at an
accelerated
rate…..cancer
cells are
produced.
52.
Differentiate
three types of
lung cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises in the
epithelium of the
larger bronchi and
tends to form masses
that hollow out and
bleed.
Adenocarcinoma
Originates in the
peripheral areas of the
lungs as solitary nodules
that develop from
bronchial glands and
alveolar cells.
Small cell carcinoma
AKA: Oat cell carcinoma
Originates in the primary
bronchi and grow
aggressively in cords or
small grapelike clusters
within the lining of the
bronchi.
53. What is
SURFACTANT
and what is
its role?
1
In the fetus, the
lungs are full of fluid.
Gas transfers occurs
through the placenta.
2
At birth, this fluid is
drained, and the
alveoli have to
inflate and begin
respiration
.
3
It is surfactant that
makes the alveoli
permeable to gases
and keeps them from
deflating in between
breaths.
4
In pregnancy,
surfactant is not
present in large enough
amounts to accomplish
this function until the
pregnancy is between
28 – 30 weeks.
5
Infants born before
week 28 have
respiratory distress
and require a lot of
care.
Cystic Fibrosis
Causes oversecretion
of a thick mucus that
clogs the respiratory
passages and puts the
child at risk for fatal
respiratory infections.
1
2
Impairs digestion
by clogging up
the common bile
duct
.
55. Sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS)
Claims many newborn
infants. Apparently healthy
infants stop breathing and
die in their sleep. Some
cases are believed to be a
problem of neural control of
respiration, more than 1/3
of SIDS cases appear to
result from a heart rhythm
abnormality.
56. Asthma
Caused by
chronically inflamed,
hypersensitive
bronchial passages
that respond to
many irritants.