Download The Respiratory System Notes

The
Respiratory
System
Unit 12
Introduction
Of all the substances that
cells and therefore the
body as a whole must
have to survive, oxygen is
by far the most crucial.
The average person will live
4-6 minutes without it!
Introduction
The respiratory system
ensures that the oxygen is
supplied to and carbon
dioxide is removed from
the body’s cells.
Introduction
The respiratory system:
-filters
-warms
-humidifies
-influence speech/sound
-make olfaction possible
Respiratory System
Organs of the Resp. System
-nose
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs
Respiratory System
Alveoli – millions of thinwalled air filled sacs that
are covered by capillaries,
facilitating gas exchange
via diffusion
Respiratory System
Respiratory Mucosa –
membrane that lines most
of the air distribution tubes
in the system – mucus
(over 125 ml of respiratory mucus
is produced daily)
Respiratory System
Respiratory Membrane –
separates the air in the
alveoli from the blood in
surrounding capillaries
The Nose
One of the ways air enters
the respiratory tract
through the external nares
or nostrils. It then flows
into the left and right nasal
cavities. The partition in
the nose is called the nasal
septum.
Why you don’t run
in the house with
scissors…or forks.
The Nose
Nerve endings located in
nasal mucosa send
messages to the brain.
The Nose
Paranasal Sinuses:
-Frontal
-Maxillary
-Sphenoidal
-Ethmoidal
Assist in production of
sound and lighten skull
Pharynx
-The “throat.”
-About 5 inches long
-Divided into 3 portions
Pharynx
Pharynx
Divided into 3 portions
- Nasopharynx: uppermost
part behind nasal cavity
- Oropharynx: behind the
mouth
- Laryngopharynx: lowest
section above the larynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
-”Voice Box”
-located below the pharynx
-made of cartilage
-”Adams Apple”
Larynx
Larynx
Vocal Cords: two short
fibrous cords that stretch
across the interior of the
larynx. Muscles control pitch.
Tense – high pitch
Relaxed – low pitch
Glottis – space between vocal
cords
Larynx
Epiglottis – partially covers
opening of the larynx,
serves as trap door,
closing larynx during
swallowing and preventing
food from entering
trachea.
Epiglottis
Trachea
-”Windpipe”
-4.5 inches
-extends from larynx to
bronchi
-open passageway to lungs
Trachea
Trachea
-Made of 15-20 C-Shaped
rings of cartilage placed on
top of each other.
-Lined with respiratory
mucosa and cilia moves
this mucus upward toward
pharynx
Trachea
The trachea can sometimes
become occluded despite
its strong cartilage rings
by a tumor, enlarged
lymph node or foreign
body obstruction. For the
foreign body obstruction:
Heimlich Maneuver
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
The trachea is divided into
the left and right bronchus
at it’s inferior end, also
known as the primary
bronchi.
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
The primary bronchi also
branch out into secondary
bronchi. These also branch
out into smaller tubes
known as bronchioles,
which then become
alveolar ducts, holding the
alveoli.
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
Surfactant – substance that
covers the surface of the
respiratory membrane
which prevents the alveoli
from collapsing as air
moves in and out during
respiration.
Respiration
Definition – the exchange of
gasses (oxygen & carbon
dioxide) between living
organism and its
environment.
Respiration
The lungs provide a place
where air and circulating
blood can come close
enough to each other for
gas exchange to occur.
Respiration
External Respiration –
exchange of gases
between air and lungs
Internal Respiration –
exchange of gasses
between blood and body
cells
Mechanics of Breathing
Inspiration – inhalation,
moving air into the lungs;
enlarges the chest cavity
Expiration – exhalation,
moving air out of the lungs
Mechanics of Breathing
Diaphragm – dome-shaped
muscle separating the
abdominal cavity from the
thoracic cavity; most
important muscle of
inspiration
Lungs
Left Lung – 2 lobes
Right Lung – 3 Lobes
Exchange of Gases
In the lungs – through
external respiration –
diffusion between blood
and alveoli
In the tissues – through
internal respiration –
diffusion between
capillaries and body cells
Volume of Air Exchange
Spirometer – special device
used to measure the
amount of air exchanged
during respiration
Volume of Air Exchange
Tidal Volume – we take
about 500ml (about a pint)
of air into our lungs with
each normal inspiration.
Volume of Air Exchange
Vital Capacity – the largest
amount of air that we can
breath out in one
expiration
Regulation of Respiration
Normal Respiratory Rate
12-24 Breaths/min
(at rest)
Regulation of Respiration
Respiratory Control Centers
Located in the pons and the
medulla (Brain)
Regulation of Respiration
Respiratory Control Centers
Two most important control
centers are in the medulla:
Inspiratory Center
Expiratory Center
Regulation of Respiration
Cerebral Cortex
Controls voluntary changes
in respirations.
(holding your breath)
Types of Breathing
Eupnea –Normal breathing
Hyperventilation – rapid,
deep respirations
Hypoventilation – slow,
shallow respirations
Apnea – Absence of
respirations
Types of Breathing
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Alternating apnea and
hyperventilation
(usually associated with critical
condition)
Types of Breathing
Respiratory Arrest
Failure to resume breathing
after a period of apnea
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Rhinitis – inflammation of
the nasal mucosa and is
often caused by nasal
infections; irritants;
allergies
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Pharyngitis – “sore throat”;
inflammation or infection
of the pharynx; pain,
redness, difficulty
swallowing; streptococcal
infection
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Laryngitis – inflammation of
the mucous lining of the
larynx; edema of the vocal
cords; hoarseness; loss of
voice; overuse of voice,
smoking
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Epistaxis – medical term for
“nosebleed;” most
common cause is trauma,
but can also be caused by
sustained increased blood
pressure; rhinitis; brain
injury
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Acute Bronchitis – acute
inflammation of the
bronchi usually caused by
infection, can also be
caused by irritant or
allergy; nonproductive
cough that progresses to
deep cough – sputum.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Pneumonia – acute
inflammation of the lungs
in which the alveoli and
bronchi become plugged
with thick fluid (exudate);
high fever, chills,
headache, cough and chest
pain
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Aspiration Pneumonia –
Pneumonia as a result
aspiration.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Tuberculosis – highly
contagious; caused by the
pathogen Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis; transmitted
through inhalation or
swallowing of
contaminated droplets.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Tuberculosis – fatigue,
chest pain, pleurisy,
weight loss, fever
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Atelectasis – total or partial
collapse of the alveoli of
the lung.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
COPD – Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease;
irreversible obstruction of
air flow
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
COPD – Chronic Bronchitis;
chronic inflammation of
bronchi and bronchioles;
edema and excessive
mucus production;
smoking is major cause
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
COPD – Emphysema;
progression of chronic
bronchitis; walls of alveoli
rupture and fuse together
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
COPD – Asthma; recurring
spasms of the smooth
muscle in the walls of the
bronchial air passages;
inflammation excessive
mucus; stress, exercise,
infection, allergens,
irritants.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Lung Cancer – malignancy
of pulmonary tissue; may
spread (metastasis); 75%
of lung cancer is
associated with smoking
Increased exposure to “second hand”
smoke also increases chances of lung
cancer.
Disorders of Respiratory Syst.
Lung Cancer – treatment;
Lobectomy – surgical
removal of one lobe of
lung
Pneumonectomy – surgical
removal of entire lung.
Respiratory System
Pulmonologist
Allergist
Ear Nose & Throat (ENT)
Respiratory Therapist
End of Lecture