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Functions Gas exchange between air and circulating blood Movement of air into and out of the body Protection of respiratory surfaces and defense against pathogens Producing sounds Respiratory mucosa Lines the respiratory tract Helps to filter debris and microoganisms Nasal mucosa- prepares the air you breathe by warming and humidifying it Pharynx Chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts Larynx Covered my the epiglottis Cartilaginous structure surrounding an opening, ‘the glottis” Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound waves Children have short vocal fold- higher pitched, at puberty the larynx of males enlarges more than females, resulting in lower pitched voices Trachea “windpipe” Flexible tube surrounded by thin C shaped pieces of cartilage Branches to form the left and right bronchus The lungs Right and left lung in the pleural cavities Base of the lungs rest on the diaphragm Right lungs has 3 lobes, and left has only 2 lobes. Right lung is slightly larger, due to heart lying a little more on the left side Bronchi Extrapulmonary bronchi prior to entry into the lungs Intrapulmonary bronchi after entry into the lungs Primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi and there is one for each lobe, R.side has 3 and L. side has 2 Further divide into tertiary bronchi which supply air to a single bronchopulmonary segment, the cartilage surrounding bronchi lessen with each division Bronchioles Further division of tertiary bronchi create bronchioles One tertiary bronchus supplies air to about 6500 bronchioles Made of a lot of smooth muscle and no cartilage, they control the airflow to the lungs Alveolus (air sacs) Each lung contains 150 million alveoli Capillaries surround each alveolus Elastic tissue also surround them to help with exhalation Respiratory Physiology External respiration- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body’s interstitial fluids and the external environment Pulmonary ventilation- breathing Gas diffusion Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide Internal respiration- absorption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide by cells Pulmonary Ventilation Physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract Maintains adequate alveolar ventilationmovement of air into and out of the alveoli Pressure and air flow to the lungs At the start of a breath, P inside and outside the thoracic cavity are equal Diaphragm contracts and thoracic cavity size increases, and P. decreases. This P. difference cause atm. P. to push air into the body Diaphragm relaxes, size of cavity decrease and P. increases, P. inside is greater than outside so air is forced out. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Inhalation and Exhalation Direction of airflow is determined by the relationship between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure Respiratory cycle- one inhalation and one exhalation M. of Inhal- Diaphragm and external intercostals M. of Exhal- Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles Alveolar Ventilation Amount of air reaching alveoli each minute (approx. 4.2 liters/minute) Air in alveoli contains more CO2 than atm. Air because the air being exhaled mixes w air being inhaled