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BODY SYSTEMS
The Integumentary System
 Includes:
Your skin, hair, nails.
Sebaceous glands, and sweat
glands.
 The skin is the primary organ of
the I.S.
Vital Functions



Protection….Barrier b/t internal organs and
outside world.
Shields from injury, invasion by pathogens,
sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays (UV).
Water – holding capacity that aids in
elasticity and helps maintain body’s balance
of fluids and electrolytes.
Regulates Body Temperature
 Radiation:
the escape of internal
heat from the body.
 Perspiration cools skin as heat
evaporates.
 Conserve body heat.
Sensing
Nerve endings allow
for communication
with the world
around you.
 Touch, pain,
pressure,
temperature.

Structure





Two main layers.
Epidermis: Outermost layer made up of both
living and dead cells.
Lipids – fatty substances that make skin
waterproof.
Dead cells shed off/worn away replaced by
new cells
Outer skin replaced about once a year.





Melanin – pigment that gives skin, hair, and
the iris of the eyes their coloring.
Dermis: Inner layer of skin made up of
connective tissue that gives skin its elasticity.
Nerve endings and Hair follicles.
Sweat glands and Sebaceous glands.
Hypodermis: NOT part of the skin attaches
skin to bone and muscle.
SKIN CARE
 Good
personal hygiene.
 Balanced diet.
 Vitamin A.
 SUNSCREEN/MOISTURIEZER.
PROBLEMS OF THE SKIN



ACNE: over-production of oil from sebaceous
glades, common during adolescence.
RING WORM: fungal infection characterized
by ring-shaped, scaly, reddened, blistery
patches.
ATHLETES FOOT: fungal infection located
between the toes. Associated with wearing
shoes and sweating, highly contagious.
Acne
Ringworm
Athlete‘s foot
CONTINUE…



BOILS: inflamed, pus-filled area on the skin,
usually an infected hair-follicle.
WARTS: contagious growths on the outer
layer of the skin caused by a virus.
MOLES: small, usually round, thickened,
brown to dark brown spots on the skin.
Harmless unless suddenly appears, changes
color, shape, size, begins bleeding.
Boils
Warts
Moles
CONTINUE…



PSORIASIS: diseases in which thickened
patches of inflamed red skin form, often
covered by white flaking scales.
VITILIGO: a disorder in which patches of skin
lose their color. Auto-immune disorder that
causes an absence of the skin cells that
produce melanin.
IMPETIGO: an infection in which bacteria enter
a small break in the skin. Highly contagious.
Psoriasis
Vitiligo
Impetigo
CONTINUE….


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BLISTERS: raised areas filled with a watery
substance. Usually caused by rubbing
against the skin or burns.
CALLUS: area of thickened skin caused by
continuous friction or pressure.
CORN: a callus on a toe caused by the
pressure of a tight fitting shoe.
Blisters
Callus
Corn
SKELETAL SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:
–
–
–
–
Movement
Muscle Attachment
Protection
Body’s Framework
STRUCTURE

AXIAL SKELETON:
includes the 80 bones of the
skull, spine, ribs, and
sternum or breastbone,
Protects spinal
cord…vertebrae. Protects
heart and lungs…rib cage.
STRUCTURE
APPENDICULAS
SKELETON: includes
the 126 bones of the
shoulders, arms,
hands, hips, legs, and
feet. Main purpose is
movement.
TYPES OF BONES…

LONG
–
–
–
Femur
Arms and Legs
Ends form joints
and connect to
other bones.
SHORT…
Wrists, ankles,
hands, feet.
 50% are found in
the hands and
feet.

FLAT…
Ribs, skull bones.
 Protect vital
organs such as
the Brain.

IRREGULAR
Vertebrae.
 Bones that
don’t have a
specific shape.

CARTILAGE





Strong, flexible, connective tissue.
Line the surfaces of joints to allow smooth
movement.
Cushion adjoining vertebrae.
Support nose and ears.
OSSIFICATION: the process by which bone
is formed, renewed, and repaired.
CARTILAGE
JOINTS


The point at which two bones meet.
BALL-AND-SOCKET-JOINT:
allows the widest range of movement.
–
Shoulder and Hip Joints
JOINTS


The point at which two bones meet.
PIVOT JOINT:
a bony projection allows rotation.
–
Joint between head and neck that allows
head to rotate.
CONTINUE…

ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT: allows all types of
movement except pivotal.
–
Wrist
CONTINUE…

HINGE JOINT: allows bending and
straightening.
–
Fingers, knee and elbow.
Ligaments

Tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue
that bind the bond ends at the joint. Prevent
excessive movement at the joint.

TENDONS: Fibrous cords that join muscle to
bone or to other muscles.
CARE of the SKELETAL SYSTEM



Good
nutrition/CALCIUM
Exercise (Bone Mass)
Safety
THE MUSCLAR SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:
–
–
–
–
Body Movement
Pump Blood
Move through digestive system
Control air movement in and out of the lungs
CONTRACTION

CONTRACTION: Shortening of a muscle.

EXTENSION: stretching of a muscle.
TYPES of MUSCLES

SMOOTH MUSCLE: control movements of
internal organs.
–
–
Involuntary movements…work without conscious
control.
Intestines, bronchi of the lungs, the bladder.
TYPES of MUSCLES…

SKELETAL MUSCLE: striped or striated
muscles attached to the bones that cause
body movement.
–
–
–
–
–
Biceps, triceps.
Largest part of the body’s muscular system.
Voluntary movements, conscious control.
FLEXORS: muscles that close a joint.
EXTENSORS: muscles that open a joint.
TYPES of MUSCLES…

CARDIAC MUSCLE: striated tissue that
forms the wall of the heart.
–
–
Involuntary muscle.
Heart contracts rhythmically about 100,000 times
a day.
CARE of the MUSCLE SYSTEM


ATROPHY: waste away (“Use it or lose it”)
MUSCLE TONE: the natural tension in the fibers of a
muscle.
–
–
–
–
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Aerobic exercise, resistance training, balanced diet.
Older adults…prevent loss of mobility, balance, and risk of
falls.
The heart is a muscle that needs “training”…regular
exercise.
Stretching, warm-up, cool down.
As always safety.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCLE SORENESS:
damage to the muscle fibers
themselves. Muscle
biopsies taken on the day
after hard exercise show
bleeding and disruption of
the z-band filaments that
hold muscle fibers together
as they slide over each
other during a contraction.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: muscles
become weak and easily
fatigued.
–

Eye muscles…drooping eyelids and
double vision.
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY:
inherited disorder characterized
by a progressive wasting away of
skeletal muscles.
–
No cure.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM


MUSCLE
STRAIN:
“pulled muscle”,
tearing or
stretching of
muscles fibers
as a result of
suddenly pulling
them to far.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

BRUISE:
discolored area
under the skin
caused by a
leakage of blood
after an injury.
After Femur fracture
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

TENDINITIS: the
inflammation of a
tendon, usually
caused by overuse.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

HERNIA: the
protrusion of an
organ of tissue
through a weak
area in the muscle.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:
–
–
–
Communication network
and control center.
Controls all the movements
and functions of the body.
Senses changes with in the
body and outside the body.
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM


Gathers information from inside and
outside of the body.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) –
controls the involuntary functions of
the body.
–
–
–
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Sweating, digestion, heart rate.
Sympathetic Nervous System – speeds
up the body’s responses.
Parasympathetic Nervous System –
slows the body’s responses.
Somatic Nervous System – controls
voluntary functions of the body.
–
Running, walking, chewing.
Precision
REFLEX

Spontaneous response of the body to stimuli.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – receives
and analyze information gathered and
initiates a response.
–
–
Spinal cord.
The Brain.

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
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM


Picks up and carries the response signals,
IMPULSES.
Autonomic System – involuntary functions of
the body.
– Sympathetic nervous system – speeds
body up.
– Parasympathetic nervous system – slows
body down.
NEURONS

Nerve cells.
– SENSORY – Carry signals from sense
receptors into the CNS.
– MOTOR – carry signals from CNS to
muscles or glands.
– INTERNEURONS – form all electrical
connections with in the CNS.
 CAN
NOT REPLACE THEM!!!
 THREE BASIC PARTS: Cell body, Dendrites,
Axons.
CARE of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Regular exercise.
Proper nutrition.
Avoid using alcohol and drugs.
Safety.
PROBLEMS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

Head and spinal cord injuries
500,000 Americans hospitalized every year.
– 20% suffer lifelong physical or mental impairment.
Degenerative Diseases: deterioration of function or
system.
- Parkinson’s Disease – nerves
- Multiple Sclerosis – muscles
- Alzheimer’s Disease – mental deterioration, the
brain.
–
PROBLEMS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM…


Epilepsy: recurrent seizures.
Cerebral Palsy: various neurological
disorders that are a result of brain injury
before, during, or after birth; or in early
childhood.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
FUNCTION: secrete hormones
 HORMONES: chemical substances that
regulate activities of different body cells.
Structure: endocrine glands.

Pituitary Gland: regulates activity of all glands.
Thyroid Gland: produce hormones that regulate
calcium and phosphorus balance.
Parathyroid Glands: hormones that regulate
calcium and phosphorus balance.
Adrenal Glands: secretes hormones that regulate numerous
body functions.
Pancreas: serves endocrine as well as digestive system.
Secretes digestive enzymes and regulates body sugar
levels.
Gonads: development and maintenance of secondary sex
characteristics Ovaries – females / Testes - males
PROBLEMS

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Diabetes Mellitus: pancreas produces too
little or no insulin.
Grave’s Disease: autoimmune disorder in
which thyroid gland becomes overactive and
enlarged.
Cushing’s Disease: overproduction of
adrenal hormones.
Goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTION:
–
–
–
Heart pumps blood.
Blood vessels carry oxygen and
nutrients to body cells.
Eliminates waste.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM…

Structure:
–
–
Heart: continuous muscles contractions send
blood through body.
Blood: transports all of the nutrients that your body
needs to sustain life.


–
Oxygen, hormones, nutrients.
Carries away waste.
Blood Vessels: 60,000 miles of blood vessels.

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Arteries – vessels that carry blood away from.
Capillaries – carry blood through organs and tissues.
Regulates body temperature.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:
–
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Drains tissue fluids back into the blood stream.
Fights infection.
STRUCTURES:
–
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LYMPH: a clear yellow fluid that fills the spaces around
body cells.
LYMPHOCYTES: white blood cells that protect the body
against pathogens.


B-Cells
T-Cells
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…

CARE:
–
–
–
Don’t smoke.
Regular Exercise –
Aerobic Exercise.
Good Nutrition – Avoid
Fatty Foods.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…
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PROBLEMS:
Blood Pressure: the force of blood in the main arteries
Diastolic Pressure: heart ventricles relax and pressure is at its
lowest

–
Systolic: pressure at its highest…

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-> lower number of fraction between 70 and 90.
upper number of fraction b/t 110 and 140.
Congenital Heart Disease: occurs at birth.
Heart Murmur: abnormal sound usually caused by a faulty
valve.
Varicose Veins: Weakened valves in the vein.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…
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Anemia: concentration on hemoglobin in the blood
is low.
Usually caused by lack of iron in the diet.
Leukemia: any of several types of cancer resulting
from abnormal production of white blood cells in the
bone marrow.
Hemophilia: inherited bleeding disorder in which
blood does not clot.
Immune deficiency: when the bodies immune
system does not fight off infection (HIV and AIDS).
Hodgkin’s disease: cancer of the lymph tissue.
Tonsillitis: swelling of the tonsils.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:
–
–
–
Respiration: the exchange of gases between your
body and your environment.
External: oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
blood and air in the lungs.
Internal: gases between blood and the cells of the
body.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…

STRUCTURE:
–
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–
–
–
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Diaphragm: muscle that separates the chest and
abdominal cavities.
Lungs: take in oxygen from the air we inhale and
return carbon dioxide to the air when we exhale.
Nose and Mouth: air enters.
Pharynx: throat.
Trachea: windpipe.
Bronchi: airways that connect the trachea to the lungs.
Larynx: voice box.
Epiglottis: a flap of cartilage in front of the entrance to
the larynx.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…

CARE:
–
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DON’T SMOKE!!!!!!!!!!
DO your part to keep our air clean.
Exercise.
Wash your hands regularly.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…

PROBLEMS:
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Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi.
Asthma: an inflammatory condition in which the small
airways in the lungs called bronchioles become
narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing.
Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs.
Tuberculosis: infectious bacterial disease of the lungs.
Emphysema: a disease in which the alveoli of the
lungs burst and blend to form fewer, larger sacs with
less surface area.
Sinusitis: inflammation of the membrane lining the
facial sinuses, air-filled cavities around the nose.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:
–
–
–
Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown
of foods for use by the body’s cells.
Absorption: the passage of digested food from the
digestive tract into the circulatory system.
Elimination: the expulsion of undigested food or
body wastes.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…

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
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
STRUCTURE:
Mouth and Teeth:
– Ingestion: the taking of food into the body.
– Mastication: the process of chewing; teeth.
Salivary Glands:
– Produce SALIVA: watery solution containing enzymes that help break
down food.
The Tongue
– Helps prepare food for swallowing.
The Esophagus
– Peristalsis: a series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food into
the stomach.
The Stomach
– Continue the breakdown of food
– Stores food until it is ready to enter the small intestine
– Mix together food and gastric juices: secretions from the stomach lining
that contain enzymes.
– Controls the rate at which the food enters the small intestine.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…

The Small Intestine:
–
–
–

The major part of digestion and absorption.
20-23 feet in length, 1 inch in diameter.
Duodenum, Jejunum, Illium.
The Large Intestine
–
–
–
Colon
5-6 feet long, 2.5 inches wide.
Absorbs water eliminates undigested foods and
waste.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…
 CARE:
Good nutrition, FIBER!
– Drink Water, 6-8 glasses a day.
– Exercise.
– Don’t eat under stress
–
THE URINARY
SYSTEM

FUNCTION:
–
–
Removal of watersoluble waste
products that result
from chemical
changes to cells.
Urine..
THE URINARY
SYSTEM
 STRUCTURE:
–
Kidneys: lie on either side
of the spine.
 Filter
waste products from
your blood and modify the
amount of salts and water
excreted in the urine
according to body’s needs.
THE URINARY
SYSTEM
 The
Bladder and Urethra
Bladder: hold urine
– Urethra: eliminates urine from the
bladder out of the body.
–
 CARE:
–
Good nutrition, WATER!!!