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BODY ORGANIZATION Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy & Physiology • Anatomy- investigating human structure via dissections and other methods • Physiology- the science that examines the functions of living organisms Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology • Four basic properties of life – Reception is the ability of the organism to control its actions and respond to changes in the environment – Metabolism is the process of taking in and using nutrients to produce energy and growth – Reproduction is the ability to reproduce offspring to continue the species – Organization involves how the organism is divided into distinct parts to perform these functions Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy & Physiology • Homeostasis: – A state of relative constancy – A constant state maintained by living and nonliving organisms Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy Atoms-molecules-organelles: • Body structures are organized on five levels – Cells are the smallest unit of life – Tissues are combinations of similar cells – Organs are collections of tissues working together to perform a function – A body system consists of organs that work together to provide a major body function – An organism is the being that results when the body systems work together to maintain life Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 8-1 Cell Structure Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cells • • • • • Hist/o= tissue Cyst/o=cell Histology= study of tissues Histologist= scientist who studies tissues Cystology= study of cells Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cells • Cell- building block; structural unit *Carry on functions of life: 1. Take in food and oxygen; ingestion, respiration, digestion 2. Produce heat and energy: metabolism 3. Move and adapt to their environment: motility and transport 4. Eliminate waste; excretion 5. Perform special functions; secretion 6. Reproduce to create new identical cells; reproduction Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cell Membrane • Outer protective covering of cell • Composed of proteins and fats • Semipermeable: allows materials to pass into and out of the cell • Phagcytosis “cell eating”; engulfs solids- proteins, bacteria and dead cell debris • Pinocytosis “cell drinking” liquids (nutrients absorbtion in sm intestines) • Exocytosis- removes particles from the cell (hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus, waste Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cytoplasm • 1. semi-fluid inside the membrane that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell • 2. contains water, food, organelles, and other materials Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organelles- small structures that perform a specialized function in a cell • Nucleus- brain of the cell; controls cell activity and DNA (including reproduction); however, RBC’s do not have a nucleus and are called enucleated • Nucleolus- located in cell nucleus; important in reproduction (RNA) • Chromatin Network- located in nucleus; forms chromosomes which contain genes that carry inherited traits; chromosomes contain DNA and genetic info of cell • Genotype- configuration of genetic info for an individual trait; genetic make-up of an organism; located in a chromosome • (Karyotype= chromosomal map) • Mitochondria- located throughout cytoplasm; powerhouse of cell; helps produce energy (ATP & ADP); contain their own DNA Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organelles • Cytoskeleton- microtubules and microfilaments • Ribosomes- protein synthesis (produce protein) • Lysosomes- “stomach of the cell”sacks of digestive enzymes; have enzymes that can break down almost every stubstance in the cell • Golgi Apparatus- synthesizes carbohydrates and transports enzymes/hormones/proteins • Vesicles- fluid filled sack • Vacuole- containers; storage sac-like structure • Endoplasmic reticulum- transport system of network channels – Smooth ER- lipids – Rough ER- protein Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissue Types • Epithelial tissue – Covers the body, forms glands, and lines the surfaces of cavities and organs – Has no blood vessels but depends on capillaries in underlying connective tissues Functions: Protection- skin Absorption- digestive tract and kidneys Filtration- kidneys Excretion- kidneys Secretion- glands and kidneys Sensory reception- skin Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissue types • Epithelial cell classifications – – – – Squamous: scale like, singular layer, flat (diffusion) Cuboidal: square, fat (secretion) Columnar: tall, narrow (absorption, secretion) Pseudostratified: single layer of differing heights (secretion) – Stratified: multiple cell layers (protection) – Glandular: make and secrete a product • Endocrine- no ducts (hormones) • Exocrine- ducts, mucous, sweat, oil, salivary Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissue Types • Connective tissue - Functions: transports, supports, & defese – Formed by a protein, includes soft tissue such as fat and blood cells and hard tissues such as bones, ligaments, and cartilage – The most widespread and abundant tissue in the body – Supporting framework of organs – Widely separated cells and abundant intercellular matrix – **Blood is a connective tissue Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissue Types • Connective – Soft Connective Tissue • Areolar: support, collagen and elastin fibers, thin and glistens; wraps and cushions organs and nerves • Adipose (fat): signet ring shaped cells; stores fat as reserve food or energy source; insulation for body heat & protection of organs • Reticular: soft internal skeleton (lymph nodes, spleen) • Fibrous (dense regular CT) tensile strength when force is in one direction (tendons, ligaments, fasciae) • Fibrous (dense irregular CT) tensile strength when force is in many directions (dermis of skin) Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissue Types • Connective – Hard Connective • Cartilage- tough, elastic material found between vertebrae and end of long bones (shock absorption); also found in nose, ears, larynx; no nerves, poor blood supply- heals poorly • Tendons- connects muscle to bone • Ligaments- connects bone to bone • Osseus (bone)- similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, blood vessels, body structure, and calcium storage Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Adipose (Fat) Tissue Type of connective tissue • Insulates to conserve body heat • Supports & protects kidneys • Stores excess foods Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of cells. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All reserved. Bac Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. Allrights rights reserved. MENU Fi Forwar Tissue Types (continued) • Nervous tissue – Composed largely of specialized cells called neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells) – Transmits impulses throughout the body – Reacts to stimuli – Makes up brain, spinal cord, nerves Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissue Types • Muscle tissue – Made of protein fibers, has the unique property of shortening to produce movement (muscle contraction) – Highly cellular, well vascularized 3 types: -Skeletal: attaches bones to provide movement (striated & voluntary); high contractility -Cardiac: causes heart to beat (striated & involuntary) -Smooth: in walls of hollow organs (GI) & blood vessels; no striations and is involuntary Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Muscle Tissues Cardiac Striated Smoothlongitudinal SmoothTransverse Myotendon jt Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Systems • Integumentary system covers the body and protects other body systems • Cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to all body parts and removes waste products • Circulatory system includes the blood and lymph that move throughout the body • Respiratory system exchanges gases between the air and blood Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Systems (continued) • Muscular system allows the body to move and controls movements within the body • Skeletal system provides body support and protection • Digestive system processes food and eliminates food waste • Urinary system filters the blood and removes liquid wastes Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Systems (continued) • Endocrine system coordinates body cavities through hormones • Nervous system regulates the environment and directs the activities of other body systems • Sensory system perceives the environment and sends messages to and from the brain • Reproductive system provides for human reproduction Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Clinical Observations • Palpation- to touch or feel • Auscultation- listen with stethoscope • Percussion- is a method of "tapping" body parts during a physical exam with fingers, hands, or small instruments. The purpose is to evaluate the size, consistency, borders, and presence or absence of fluid in body organs. • Autopsy- examination of a dead body for cause of death Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 8-4 Body Planes Frontal plane Transverse Plane Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Sagital Plane Figure 8-5 Body Cavities Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Organs in Body Cavitites • • • • Cranial- Brain and pituitary gland Spinal- spinal cord, vertebrae and nerves Thoracic- lungs, heart and mediastinum Diaphragm- muscle dividing thoracic & abdominal • Abdominal- stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large and small intestines, appendix • Pelvic- reproductive organs and bladder Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical division of the back. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All reserved. Bac Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. Allrights rights reserved. MENU Fig Forwar Figure 8-6 Body Regions Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Abdominopelvic regions. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All reserved. Bac Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. Allrights rights reserved. MENU Fig Forwar Anatomical Directions • • • • • • • • • • Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Superior Inferior Supine Prone Deep Superficial Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cell Function • Cell reproduction – Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to reproduce, creating an identical replica with the same chromosomes; replaces dead/injured cells – Meiosis is the process of the cell dividing into two parts each with only one half of the chromosomes. This is the process that results in formation of sex cells (gametes). Two gametes with chromosomes from different parents is fertilization. – Gamete- a fertilized egg • Heredity – Heredity is the passing on of genetic information that determines the characteristics of an individual person; genotype is the genetic info in a chromosome; the trait or appearance that results from the genotype is the phenotype Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Cell Formation Diseases • Genetic disorders – Abnormal genes or chromosomes cause many disorders • Cancer – The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that tend to spread (metastasize) and invade the tissue around them Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. 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