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Transcript
The Lymphatic & Immune System Crystal Maravilla, Jerrod Villasenor, Juan Orona What is the Lymphatic System? ● Network of tubes throughout the body that drains lymph which bathes tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream. ● Structures include: ● lymphatic vessels ● lymph nodes ● lymph capillaries ● lymph trunks ● spleen ● thymus Lymphatic System Structures Lymphatic Vessels: ● Functions: ● Transport and filter lymph before directing it to the heart. ● Location: ● Alongside from arteries or veins. Lymph Capillaries ● Function: ● Served to drain and process extracellular fluids. ● Location: ● Spaces between cells Lymph Trunk ● Functions: ● Drains into ducts bringing lymph into blood by emptying into subclavian veins. ● Two lymphatic ducts: ● Right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct. ● Pairs of trunks: ● Jugular, subclavian, bronchom,lumbar, and intestinal (unpaired) Lymph Trunk cont. ● Location: ● Throughout the body. Lymph Nodes ● ● ● ● Functions: Produces lymphocytes to protect lymph. Location Thorax and abdomen Spleen Functions: ● Recycles old red blood cells ● Stores white blood cells ● Stores platelets ● Location: ● Under the ribcage Thymus ● ● ● ● ● Functions: Training and development in T-cells. Location: Behind sternum Between lungs Fluid Formation ● Formed when interstitial fluid is collected through lymph capillaries ● It is then transported through lymph vessels to lymph nodes before being emptied into veins where it mixes back with blood ● Lymph is a milky fluid formed from the excess fluid surrounding body tissue ● Hydrostatic pressure from the heart forces fluid to leave the blood vessels to form lymph Fluid Formation Cont. Immune System ● Giant network that consists of: ○ Cells ○ Tissues ○ Organs ● Helps protect body from ○ Viruses ○ Bacteria ○ Parasites ○ Fungi Specific Immune Cells ● Macrophages: engulf antigens; inform T lymphocytes o Develop from monocytes o Part of the innate immune process ● Cytoxic T cells (natural killer cells): o Remove tumors o Remove infected body cells o Produces cytokines ● Cytokines: o o o o Messenger of the immune system Some stimulate activity Inhibit activity Interferons, interfere with virus reproduction Continued . . . ● Helper T cells secrete/produce chemicals that: o o o o Promote memory cells Promote effectors Release cytokines Suppresses or regulates immune responses ● B cells: o Many become plasma cells o Produce antibodies o Other into memory B cells ● ● ● ● Effector cell: seek & destroy antigens Memory cell: become dormant; awakens when antigen enters again Antibodies: bind to antigens & recognized by lymphocytes Antigen: any foreign object in the body Non-specific Cells ● Phagocytes: “eats” antigens ● Neutrophil: phagocytize bacteria o Most common white blood cell o Trap the bacteria ● Eosinophils secrete enzymes to kill: o o o o Parasitic worms Other pathogens Targets objects to big to ingest Normally involved in inflammation or allergic reactions ● Basophils: contains granules of toxic chemicals; normally for allergies o Release histamine o Attract neutrophils and eosinophils to trouble spot Continued . . . ● Dendritic Cells: messenger between innate and adaptive immune systems o Help B cells maintain immune memory o Form numerous antibody antigen complexes ● Mast cells: “master regulators” o o o o Contain inflammatory chemicals Histamine Serotonin Important role in wound healing Comparison of Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems ● Both granular and agranular leukocytes are involved ○ Granular leukocytes: Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils ○ Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes ○ Lymphocytes include T cells, natural killer cells, and B cells ● Both enter into capillaries ● Lymph and plasma are both about 90% water Comparison of the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems Cont. ● Lymph vessels resemble veins ○ Both have thin walls and many check valves due to their shared functions of carrying fluids under low pressure ○ Both use skeletal muscle contractions to push the liquid forward ● Help to maintain homeostasis Contrasts of the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems ● Cardiovascular System: o Circulate blood throughout the body o Delivers essential nutrients and oxygen to the body o Remover wastes and carbon dioxide o Regulates the blood pressure o Blood flows in a continuous loop but lymph only flows one direction, upwards toward the neck Contrasts of the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems Cont. ● Lymphatic System: o Movement of interstitial fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system o Transports fatty acids from the digestive system o Most fatty acids absorbed thought the lymphatic system o Fight pathogens that have entered the body o Prevent infections by barring pathogens from entering the body o Develop immunity to infections Works Cited "Immune System." National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. N.p., 12 Mar. 2015. Web. 18 Mar. 2015. <http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/ immunesystem/Pages/default.aspx>. “Immune and Lymphatic System.” Inner Body. http://www.innerbody.com/image/lympov.html “Lymphatic System: Facts, Functions & Diseases.” Live Science. http://www.livescience.com/26983-lymphatic-system.html