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Respiratory System Chapter 11 Objectives Identify the organs of the respiratory system Locate the structures of the respiratory system Identify the functions of the respiratory system Review some disorders of the respiratory system Review some laboratory test and procedures Functions of the Respiratory System Breathing process Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Enable speech production How it works: Consist of a series of tubes that transport air in an out of the lungs. Function is to supply oxygen to the body cells and to transport carbon dioxide which is produced by the body cells into the atmosphere There are two forms of respiration exchange 1: External respiration Oxygen is inhaled (inhaled air is about 21% oxygen) into the air sacs of the lungs It is then immediately passed into tiny capillary blood vessels surrounding the air spaces External respiration contd: Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, ( a gas produced when oxygen and food combine in cells) passes from the capillary blood vessels into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled. Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen Mostly an involuntary activity 2. Internal respiration Happens simultaneously as external respiration Occurs between the individual body cells and the tiny capillary blood vessels Involves an exchange of gases at the cells with in all organs of the body Oxygen passes out of the blood stream into tissue cells Cellular respiration: Further use of the body cells to use oxygen to produce energy Release of carbon dioxide and water FYI: RR = respiratory rate Respiratory rate is the rate per minute of inhaling and exhaling A normal rate for an adult is 16 to 18 times a minute Structures of Respiratory System upper respiratory tract nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea lower respiratory tract bronchial tree and lungs Respiratory tract divided into: Upper Respiratory tract: Nose: (nostrils or nares). When we inhale air enters the body through the nose via the nasal nares Then passes trough the nasal cavity This cavity is lined with mucous membranes and fine hairs called cilia that filter out foreign bodies and also warm and moisten the air Nose nasal cavity nasal septum mucous membrane mucus cilia olfactory receptors Upper respiratory contd: Pharynx (throat) After passing through the nasal cavity air reaches the pharynx A 5 inch muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus The airway that connects the mouth and nose to the larynx Pharynx: Divided into three sections Pharynx contd: Nasopharynx: nearest the nasal cavity and contain adenoids (masses of lymphatic tissue) If enlarged it can obstruct airway Equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. Pharynx Contd: Oropharynx: located behind the mouth Muscular soft palate that contains the uvula and tonsils. Pharynx contd: Laryngopharynx: surrounds the opening of the esophagus Also known as the hypo pharynx Serves as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose Divided into two branches larynx and esophagus Pharynx Nasopharynx oropharynx adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils palatine tonsils laryngopharynx larynx Pharynx: Divided into three sections Larynx: Voice box Covered by the epiglottis which is a small flap of cartilage that is attached to the roof of the tongue Connects the pharynx to the trachea (where air goes down into the lungs) Contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by nine cartilages for support Tension of the vocal cords determine the high or low pitch of the voice Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea: Wind pipe A 10 to 12 cm long tube Extends into the chest Serves as passageway for air into the bronchi Kept open by 16 to 20 C shaped rings made of cartilage Some of the rings make up the thyroid cartilage forming the Adams apple Bronchi Trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi Bronchi = plural bronchus = singular Right is primary (main) and shorter than the left Each bronchus enters the lung and subdivides into smaller tubes The smallest is called bronchioles Bronchi contd: At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs called alveoli Alveoli = plural alveolus = singular Each is lined with a layer of epithelium This very thin wall permits the exchange of gasses between the alveoli and the capillaries Lungs: Located in the thoracic cavity Right lung has three lobes Left lung has two lobes Oxygen passes from the lungs into the capillaries ( network of tiny blood vessels) that surround the alveoli and distributes them to the cells Carbon dioxide from the blood cells passes into the lungs for removal Lungs Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes trachea Lungs contd: When oxygen is absorbed into the blood it attaches to the hemoglobin and is released as needed. Each lung is covered by a membrane called pleura The outer layer (near the ribs) parietal pleura The inner layer (closet to the lungs) visceral pleura Lungs contd: A serous fluid ( thin, watery lubricating fluid) moistens the pleura This facilitates movement between the pleuras and prevent friction Lungs extend from the collar bone to the diaphragm Lungs contd: Diaphragm: is a muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity This muscles aids in the process of breathing Breathing is the process of inhalation and exhalation Lungs contd: Inhalation: (inspiration) the diaphragm contracts and descends causing enlargement of the thoracic cavity area This allows air to flow into the lungs to equalize the pressure Inhalation Breathing in Body gets oxygen from the air Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out Diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the lungs Tissue expands to force (pull) in air. Lungs contd: Exhalation: (expiration) when the lungs are full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates making the thoracic cavity smaller This increases the air pressure in the thorax Air is then expelled out of the lungs to equalize the pressure Exhalation Breathing out Get rid of carbon dioxide Rib muscles relax Diaphragm muscle relaxes Tissue returns to resting position and forces (pushes) air out http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/respiratory.html Respiratory Root Words: Adenoid/o Alveol/o Atel/o Bronch/o Bronchi/o Epiglott/o Laryng/o Nas/o, rhin/o Adenoids Alveolus, air sac Imperfect, incomplete Bronchus Bronchial tubes Epiglottis Larynx Nose Root words contd: Ox/o, Ox/i Pharyng/o Pleur/o Pneum/o Pulmon/o Spir/o Thorac/o Tonsill/o Trache/o oxygen throat Pleura Lung, air Lung To breathe Chest Tonsils Trachea Respiratory Prefixes: An-, aEndoInterIntra- Without, absent Within Between Within Respiratory suffixes: -ar, -ary -capnia -centesis -ectasis -gram -graphy -itis Pertaining to Carbon dioxide Surgical puncture with needle to aspirate fluid Stretching or expansion Record Process of recording Inflammation Suffixes contd: -ostomy -oxia -pnea -scope -scopy -stenosis -thorax creation of an artificial opening oxygen breathing instrument used to examine visual examination narrowing or contracting chest Suffixes contd: -ptysis -sphyxia -osmia spitting pulse smell A few lung disorders: Lung abscess: a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissue Asthma Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction Bronchitis Inflammation of one or more bronchi Coryza Profuse discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose Deviated septum Defect in the wall between the nostrils that cause partial or complete obstruction Epistaxis Hemorrhage from the nose; nose bleed Hiatal hernia Protrusion of part of the stomach into the chest through the esophageal hiatus defect of the diaphragm Pleural effusion Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which compresses the underlying potion of the lung causing dyspnea Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar walls Lung cancer Leading cause of cancer death for men and women Respiratory general terms Anoxia - without oxygen Apnea- temporary cessation of breathing Aphonia- absence of voice Bifurcation- a division into two branches Bronchospasm- sporadic contraction of the bronchi muscle Dysphonia- difficulty in speaking Contd: Cyanosis- a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood Eupnea- normal breathing Hemoptysis- coughing up of blood from the lungs Hyperventilation- increased rate and depth of respiration Contd: Hypoxia- insufficient oxygen Orthopnea- difficult breathing except in upright position Rales, rhonchi- abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation Sputum- matter ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through the mouth Diagnostic and instruments used: Auscultation- listening to the lungs through a stethoscope Percussion- short sharp blows to the body with the fingers Bronchoscopy- lung examination using a bronchoscope Endotracheal catheter- an airway catheter inserted into the trachea during surgery Contd: Oximetry- measurement of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood Peak expiratory flow rate- measurement of how fast a person can exhale using a small hand held device Medical procedures and tests: Blood gases- blood drawn to check oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the blood Bronchodilator- an agent used to dilate the bronchi CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation IPPB- intermittent positive pressure breathing Larngectomy- excision of the larynx Contd: Lavage of sinuses- the irrigation or washing out of sinuses Lobectomy- excision of a lobe of the lung Mantoux- TB skin test PPD- purified protein derivative (TB test) Pulmonary function- test to assess ventilator status Contd: Rhinoplasty- plastic surgery of the nose Scan- an image or picture produced using radioactive isotopes Thoracentesis- surgical puncture of the chest wall into the parietal cavity to remove fluid Tracheotomy- incision of the trachea through the skin and muscles of the neck Bronchoscopy Tracheotomy The End!