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Cells and Structure of Organisms Introduction Multi-cellular vs. Uni-cellular • Have you ever wondered how living things work? • What are the differences between a unicellular and multi-cellular organism? • Please read together pages 59 and 65 of the Green Life Science Text. 5 Levels of Organization (for advanced multi – celled organisms) Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Cells • Cells are the most basic level of organization in living things. • Cell = A membrane covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life. Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells • Prokaryote = 1 celled organisms that lack a nucleus or other structures bound by a membrane. • They have been on Earth the Longest. See Earth Life History Timeline • Eukaryote = organisms whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. See Video Clip + Neo Website + Video 2 Kingdoms and Cell Types • • • • • • Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria • • • • • • Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Tissue • Cells + Cells = Tissue • There are 4 types of tissue in your body: – – – – Connective Nerve Epithelial Muscle Organ • Tissue + Tissue = Organ • Organs are what we usually think about when we think about parts of the body Organ • Connective tissue makes up organs like the bones, blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, etc… Organ • Nerve Tissue Makes up organs like the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Organ • Epithelial Tissue makes up organs like the skin, hair, and fingernails Organ • Muscle tissue makes up organs like the heart, stomach, kidneys, lungs, biceps, etc… Organ System • Organ + Organ = Organ System • You have 11 organ systems in your body. • Let’s Read Pages 520 -525 our Text Together. 11 organ systems of the body Organ Systems • 1- Skeletal system • Function = provides support and protection for vital organs and stores nutrients. • ORGANS = 206 bones, ligaments, and tendons. • Pages 526 -529 Organ Systems • Skeletal system facts: – Your body has about 206 bones although you were born with over 300 bones. – You have the same number of bones in your neck as a giraffe does! – Bone marrow makes blood cells, but bones are alive, and would die without blood. – The longest bone in your body is your femur. (Thigh) – Your bones are about 60% calcium compounds. – Over half of the bones in your entire body are in your hands and feet. Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your skeletal system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems • 2- Muscular system • Function = allows us to move • ORGANS = 600 + (Basically all Muscles i.e. bicep, tricep etc.). • Pages 530 -531 Organ Systems • Muscular system facts: – The busiest muscles in your muscular system are your eyes. They move more than 100,000 times per day! – The largest muscle in your body is the gluteus maximus – It takes 17 muscles to smile and 42 to frown. – Muscles can’t push, they can only pull. – Muscles can’t function without calcium. Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your muscular system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems • 3- Integumentary System • Function = regulates body temperature and provides protection. • ORGANS = Skin, hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, and fingernails. • SEE PAGE 534 -537 Organ Systems • Integumentary system facts: – Skin is the largest organ in your body. – Skin is 16% of your body weight – You completely replace your skin cells about once per month. – About 90% of dust in your house is dead skin cells. – Hair is the fastest growing organ in the body – Average #s of hairs: • redheads= 80,000 • Brown/black = 100,000 • Blondes = 120,000 – Fingernails grow faster during the summer and on your dominant hand. Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your integumentary system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems • 4- Cardiovascular system (circulatory) • Function = carries food and oxygen to the cells, and carries carbon dioxide away from the cells. • ORGANS = Your heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. • SEE PAGE 546 -553 Organ Systems • Cardiovascular system facts: – The heart beats about 3,000,000,000 times during an average lifetime. – You have thousands of miles of blood vessels and arteries in your body. (you could wrap them around the world twice. – You have about 5 million red blood cells, 10,000 white blood cells, and 250,000 platelets in 1 drop of blood. – Arteries take blood away from the heart, and veins return it to the heart. – Moving helps return blood to your heart – You do NOT have blue blood! Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your cardiovascular system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems • 5- Lymphatic system (Immune system) • Function = returns leaked fluids to blood vessels, and helps fight off germs. • ORGANS = Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils + more. • SEE PAGE 554 -555. Organ Systems • Lymphatic system facts: – Your lymph system releases white blood cells to fight off infection. – Your lymph nodes swell up when the fill up with white blood cells (when you are sick) – Your spleen helps break down and recycle RBCs. – Your lymph system returns about ½ cup of lymph fluid to the heart per hour. – Domestic birds don’t have lymph nodes. – Most of your lymph nodes are in your armpits, neck, and groin. Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your lymph system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems 6- Respiratory system • Function = exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide. (O2 in and CO2 out). • ORGANS = Lungs, Bronchi, trachea, and diaphragm + more. • See page 556 -559. Organ Systems • Respiratory system facts: – You breathe in 21% oxygen and .4% Carbon dioxide, you breathe out 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide. – You have the same surface area on you lungs as a tennis court. – You breathe out about ½ of a liter of water per day. – Your right lung is slightly larger than your left. Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your respiratory system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems 7- Digestive System • Function = breaks food down into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body. • ORGANS = The mouth, liver, stomach, and intestines + more. • See page 568 -575. Organ Systems • Digestive system facts: – The average stomach can hold about 1.5 liters of food. – Your intestines are lined with tiny projections called villi. They increase the surface area of your intestines so you can absorb as much as possible. – Your intestines are about 15 meters long! – Food stays in your stomach for 2-4 hours. Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your digestive system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems 8- Nervous system • Function = sends messages that control body functions • ORGANS = The brain, spinal cord, and nerves. • Pages 588 - 593 Organ Systems • Nervous system facts: – Your nervous system functions using electricity. – Messages can travel through your neurons at speeds of 250 mph! – The avg. # of neurons in a human brain is 100 billion. – The longest neuron (nerve cell) known to man is 15 feet long (in a giraffe leg). – If you lined up all the neurons in your body, it would stretch 600 miles! – An adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds. Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your nervous system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems 9- Endocrine System • Function = produces chemicals that control the body (ex. Hormones) • ORGANS = The adrenal glands, pituitary gland + many more. • SEE PAGE 524-525 Organ Systems • Endocrine system facts: – Steroids, insulin, and adrenaline are 3 of the 30 hormones made by your body. – It only takes a tiny bit of a hormone to cause a very large reaction – Physical growth, hyperactivity, depression, stress, hunger and many other emotions are linked to hormone production. Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your endocrine system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems 10- Urinary System • Function = removes waste from the blood and regulates body fluids. • ORGANS = Kidneys, ureters, and the bladder + more. • SEE PAGE 524 -525. Organ Systems • Urinary system facts: – Your bladder can hold about 400 ml or urine. – The blood in your body passes through each kidney 400 times per day. – The kidneys use osmosis to control the amount of water in the blood. – Caffeine and alcohol are diuretics, which means that they suppress the part of your brain that tells your body that you need to retain water. (increases urination - dehydration) Organ Systems • How would your life be different without your urinary system? • How long do you think you could survive? Organ Systems 11- Reproductive system • Function = enables the organism to produce offspring Organ Systems • Which organ system do you think is most important? • Which organ systems couldn’t function without other organ systems? Quiz time! • Which level of organization do each of the following pictures belong to? Quiz time! Quiz time! Quiz time! Quiz time! Quiz time!