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Cells and Structure of
Organisms Introduction
Multi-cellular vs. Uni-cellular
• Have you ever wondered how living things
work?
• What are the differences between a unicellular and multi-cellular organism?
• Please read together pages 59 and 65 of
the Green Life Science Text.
5 Levels of Organization (for
advanced multi – celled
organisms)
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Cells
• Cells are the most
basic level of
organization in living
things.
• Cell = A membrane
covered structure that
contains all of the
materials necessary
for life.
Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic
cells
• Prokaryote = 1 celled
organisms that lack a nucleus
or other structures bound by a
membrane.
• They have been on Earth the
Longest.
See Earth Life History
Timeline
• Eukaryote = organisms whose
cells contain a nucleus
surrounded by a membrane.
See Video Clip + Neo Website + Video 2
Kingdoms and Cell Types
•
•
•
•
•
•
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Tissue
• Cells + Cells = Tissue
• There are 4 types of
tissue in your body:
–
–
–
–
Connective
Nerve
Epithelial
Muscle
Organ
• Tissue + Tissue = Organ
• Organs are what we
usually think about when
we think about parts of
the body
Organ
• Connective tissue
makes up organs like
the bones, blood
vessels, tendons,
ligaments, etc…
Organ
• Nerve Tissue Makes
up organs like the
brain, spinal cord, and
nerves.
Organ
• Epithelial Tissue
makes up organs like
the skin, hair, and
fingernails
Organ
• Muscle tissue makes
up organs like the
heart, stomach,
kidneys, lungs,
biceps, etc…
Organ System
• Organ + Organ =
Organ System
• You have 11 organ
systems in your body.
• Let’s Read Pages 520
-525 our Text
Together.
11 organ systems of the body
Organ Systems
• 1- Skeletal system
• Function = provides
support and
protection for vital
organs and stores
nutrients.
• ORGANS = 206
bones, ligaments, and
tendons.
• Pages 526 -529
Organ Systems
• Skeletal system facts:
– Your body has about 206
bones although you were born
with over 300 bones.
– You have the same number of
bones in your neck as a
giraffe does!
– Bone marrow makes blood
cells, but bones are alive, and
would die without blood.
– The longest bone in your body
is your femur. (Thigh)
– Your bones are about 60%
calcium compounds.
– Over half of the bones in your
entire body are in your hands
and feet.
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your skeletal system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
• 2- Muscular system
• Function = allows us
to move
• ORGANS = 600 +
(Basically all Muscles
i.e. bicep, tricep etc.).
• Pages 530 -531
Organ Systems
• Muscular system facts:
– The busiest muscles in
your muscular system are
your eyes. They move
more than 100,000 times
per day!
– The largest muscle in your
body is the gluteus
maximus
– It takes 17 muscles to
smile and 42 to frown.
– Muscles can’t push, they
can only pull.
– Muscles can’t function
without calcium.
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your muscular
system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
• 3- Integumentary System
• Function = regulates body
temperature and provides
protection.
• ORGANS = Skin, hair,
eyebrows, eyelashes, and
fingernails.
• SEE PAGE 534 -537
Organ Systems
• Integumentary system facts:
– Skin is the largest organ in your
body.
– Skin is 16% of your body
weight
– You completely replace your
skin cells about once per
month.
– About 90% of dust in your
house is dead skin cells.
– Hair is the fastest growing
organ in the body
– Average #s of hairs:
• redheads= 80,000
• Brown/black = 100,000
• Blondes = 120,000
– Fingernails grow faster during
the summer and on your
dominant hand.
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your integumentary
system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
• 4- Cardiovascular system
(circulatory)
• Function = carries food
and oxygen to the cells,
and carries carbon dioxide
away from the cells.
• ORGANS = Your heart,
arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
• SEE PAGE 546 -553
Organ Systems
• Cardiovascular system facts:
– The heart beats about
3,000,000,000 times during an
average lifetime.
– You have thousands of miles of
blood vessels and arteries in your
body. (you could wrap them
around the world twice.
– You have about 5 million red
blood cells, 10,000 white blood
cells, and 250,000 platelets in 1
drop of blood.
– Arteries take blood away from the
heart, and veins return it to the
heart.
– Moving helps return blood to your
heart
– You do NOT have blue blood!
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your cardiovascular
system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
• 5- Lymphatic system
(Immune system)
• Function = returns
leaked fluids to blood
vessels, and helps
fight off germs.
• ORGANS = Lymph
nodes, lymph vessels,
thymus, spleen, and
tonsils + more.
• SEE PAGE 554 -555.
Organ Systems
• Lymphatic system facts:
– Your lymph system releases
white blood cells to fight off
infection.
– Your lymph nodes swell up
when the fill up with white
blood cells (when you are
sick)
– Your spleen helps break down
and recycle RBCs.
– Your lymph system returns
about ½ cup of lymph fluid to
the heart per hour.
– Domestic birds don’t have
lymph nodes.
– Most of your lymph nodes are
in your armpits, neck, and
groin.
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your lymph system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
6- Respiratory system
• Function = exchanges
oxygen for carbon
dioxide. (O2 in and CO2
out).
• ORGANS = Lungs,
Bronchi, trachea, and
diaphragm + more.
• See page 556 -559.
Organ Systems
• Respiratory system facts:
– You breathe in 21%
oxygen and .4% Carbon
dioxide, you breathe out
16% oxygen and 4%
carbon dioxide.
– You have the same surface
area on you lungs as a
tennis court.
– You breathe out about ½ of
a liter of water per day.
– Your right lung is slightly
larger than your left.
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your respiratory
system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
7- Digestive System
• Function = breaks
food down into
nutrients that can be
absorbed by the
body.
• ORGANS = The
mouth, liver, stomach,
and intestines +
more.
• See page 568 -575.
Organ Systems
• Digestive system facts:
– The average stomach can
hold about 1.5 liters of
food.
– Your intestines are lined
with tiny projections called
villi. They increase the
surface area of your
intestines so you can
absorb as much as
possible.
– Your intestines are about
15 meters long!
– Food stays in your stomach
for 2-4 hours.
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your digestive
system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
8- Nervous system
• Function = sends
messages that control
body functions
• ORGANS = The
brain, spinal cord, and
nerves.
• Pages 588 - 593
Organ Systems
• Nervous system facts:
– Your nervous system
functions using electricity.
– Messages can travel
through your neurons at
speeds of 250 mph!
– The avg. # of neurons in a
human brain is 100 billion.
– The longest neuron (nerve
cell) known to man is 15
feet long (in a giraffe leg).
– If you lined up all the
neurons in your body, it
would stretch 600 miles!
– An adult human brain
weighs about 3 pounds.
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your nervous system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
9- Endocrine System
• Function = produces
chemicals that control
the body (ex.
Hormones)
• ORGANS = The
adrenal glands,
pituitary gland + many
more.
• SEE PAGE 524-525
Organ Systems
• Endocrine system facts:
– Steroids, insulin, and
adrenaline are 3 of the 30
hormones made by your
body.
– It only takes a tiny bit of a
hormone to cause a very
large reaction
– Physical growth, hyperactivity,
depression, stress, hunger
and many other emotions are
linked to hormone production.
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your endocrine
system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
10- Urinary System
• Function = removes
waste from the blood
and regulates body
fluids.
• ORGANS = Kidneys,
ureters, and the
bladder + more.
• SEE PAGE 524 -525.
Organ Systems
• Urinary system facts:
– Your bladder can hold
about 400 ml or urine.
– The blood in your body
passes through each
kidney 400 times per day.
– The kidneys use osmosis
to control the amount of
water in the blood.
– Caffeine and alcohol are
diuretics, which means that
they suppress the part of
your brain that tells your
body that you need to
retain water. (increases
urination - dehydration)
Organ Systems
• How would your life
be different without
your urinary system?
• How long do you think
you could survive?
Organ Systems
11- Reproductive
system
• Function = enables
the organism to
produce offspring
Organ Systems
• Which organ system
do you think is most
important?
• Which organ systems
couldn’t function
without other organ
systems?
Quiz time!
• Which level of organization do each of the
following pictures belong to?
Quiz time!
Quiz time!
Quiz time!
Quiz time!
Quiz time!