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Human Body Unit Part I/XIII “This unit will focus mostly on human biology.” “However, some animal anatomy will be addressed.” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Caution! You will see many real images of human anatomy. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Caution! You will see many real images of human anatomy. – Please overcome any discomfort you may feel as this may impede your learning. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Caution! You will see many real images of human anatomy. – Please overcome any discomfort you may feel as this may impede your learning. These are things that surgeons see everyday. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Quiz Wiz 1-10 Name the Organ of the human body. Let’s see what you already know. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 1 • Liver: Part of the Digestive System. 1 2 • Stomach: Part of the Digestive System. 2 3 • Intestines: Part of the Digestive System. 3 4 • Brain: Part of the Nervous System. • . 5 • Heart: Part of Circulatory System. 6 • Pancreas: Part of the digestive and endocrine system. 6 6 7 • Kidney: Part of the excretory system. 7 8 • Lungs: Part of the Respiratory System. 8 Healthy Lung Smoker’s Lung 9 • Bladder: Part of the Excretory System. 9 10 • Spleen: Part of the Lymphatic System. 10 orm orm orm ollows orm ollows orm ollows unction orm ollows unction Form Follows Function: Parts of the body are shaped to perform a particular job. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Learning all about the human body has been a long road of small steps. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Earliest anatomical studies occurred on live humans and animals called vivisection thousands of years ago. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Oil Painting of animal vivisection on a live dog. – Any reactions? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Leonardo da Vinci created 750 anatomical drawings from corpses from 1489-1515. • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Cell - Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Organ System Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Organ System Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Organ System Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Organ System Tissue Organ Cell Many Many Systems Systems Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Organism Cell Organelle Organ System Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization. Cell Atom Molecule Organism Cell Organelle Organ System Tissue Organ Cell Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • A few important things before we begin. – The body is made of 100 trillion cells all working together. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Many organelles make a cell. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Which is a cheek cell, and which is an onion cell? What is the difference? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Is this a plant cell or animal cell? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Answer! Plant Cell. • Plant cells have cell walls that perform a variety of functions. • Is this a plant or animal cell? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Answer! A plant cell – Plants cell have photosynthetic chloroplasts that are usually green. (They have their own DNA) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Is this a plant cell, or animal cell? Why? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Answer! Animal Cell. – Irregular shape, no cell wall, no central vacuole, no chloroplasts. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Plant and animal cells both have… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Plant and animal cells both have… – Nucleus – Cytoplasm – Cell Membrane. – Other similar organelles. – Many of the same processes. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Plant and animal cells both have… – Many of the same processes. • • • • Cellular Respiration Protein synthesis Cell transport Many more Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. – Humans have some 75-100 Trillion • Multi-cellular (More than one cell) – Some Protista have 1 - Unicellular Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Absorbing Cells such as those in your intestines aid in digestion. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical substances together. –Break down food, produce hormones. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical substances together. –Break down food, produce hormones. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical substances together. –Break down food, produce hormones. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical substances together. –Break down food, produce hormones. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical substances together. –Break down food, produce hormones. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical substances together. –Break down food, produce hormones. Pancreas Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and shorten. Muscle Cells. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and shorten. Muscle Cells. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and shorten. Muscle Cells. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and shorten. Muscle Cells. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Different cells include… – Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and shorten. Muscle Cells. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Other Cells in the human body include… Egg- female Skin Cells Sperm - Male • Other Cells in the human body include… Nerve Cells Egg- female Skin Cells Sperm - Male Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Other Cells in the human body include… Nerve Cells Egg- female Skin Cells Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Other Cells in the human body include… Nerve Cells Fat Cells Egg- female Skin Cells Sperm - Male Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Other Cells in the human body include… Nerve Cells Fat Cells Sex Cells Skin Cells Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Other Cells in the human body include… Nerve Cells Fat Cells Sex Cells Egg- female Skin Cells Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Other Cells in the human body include… Nerve Cells Fat Cells Sex Cells Egg- female Skin Cells Sperm - Male Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Other Cells in the human body include… Nerve Cells Liver Cell Fat Cells Sex Cells Egg- female Skin Cells Sperm - Male Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Other Cells in the human body include… Nerve Cells Liver Cell Fat Cells 100’s of more cell types Sex Cells Egg- female Skin Cells Sperm - Male Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Many cells make a tissue. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform the same function. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common muscle tissue in the human body include… • Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten. Smooth Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common muscle tissue in the human body include… • Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten. Smooth Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common muscle tissue in the human body include… • Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten. Smooth Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common muscle tissue in the human body include… • Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten. Smooth Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common muscle tissue in the human body include… • Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten. Smooth Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common muscle tissue in the human body include… • Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten. Smooth Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Cartilage Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Cartilage Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Cartilage Fibrous Connective Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Cartilage Fibrous Connective Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Adipose – Fat Tissue Fibrous Connective Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Adipose – Fat Tissue Fibrous Blood Connective Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Adipose – Fat Tissue Fibrous Blood Connective Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Adipose – Fat Tissue Fibrous Blood Connective Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Adipose Cartilage – Fat Tissue Fibrous Blood Connective Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common connective tissues in the human body include… Bone Tissue Adipose Cartilage – Fat Tissue Fibrous Blood Connective Tissue Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common nervous tissues in the human body include… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common nervous tissues in the human body include… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common nervous tissues in the human body include… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common nervous tissues in the human body include… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common epithelial tissues in the human body include… Simple Stratified Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common epithelial tissues in the human body include… Simple Stratified Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common epithelial tissues in the human body include… Simple Stratified Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common epithelial tissues in the human body include… Simple Intestines Blue Whale Stratified Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common epithelial tissues in the human body include… Simple Intestines Blue Whale Stratified Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Some common epithelial tissues in the human body include… Simple Stratified Intestines Blue Whale Skin Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • A group of tissue makes an organ. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Organ: A group of different tissues with a specific job Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Many organs make an organ system. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Organ System: A group of organs that work together to perform a specific job. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Many organs make an organ system. Circulatory system Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Many organs make an organ system. Circulatory system Heart Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Many organs make an organ system. Circulatory system Heart Blood vessels Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • A group of organ systems make an individual. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • A group of organ systems make an individual. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • A group of organ systems make an individual. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • A group of organ systems make an individual. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Quiz 1-10. Levels of Biological Organization. – Word Bank: Is it a cell, tissue, organ, organ system, or individual. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy 1 1 Organ 1 Organ Heart 2 2 Organ system 2 Organ system Digestive System 2 Organ system Digestive System 3 3 Organ System 3 Organ System Respiratory System 4 4 Tissue 4 Tissue Tendon 5 5 Cell 5 Cell Cheek Cell 6 6 Individual 6 Individual Justin Bieber 7 7 Tissue 7 Tissue Muscle 8 8 Organ 8 Organ Reproductive Organ 8 Organ Reproductive Organ Giant Squid 9 9 Tissue 9 Tissue Brain Tissue Our organ systems must work together to keep us healthy! • What are these pictures of? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Answer: Infrared Images (Heat) • Answer: Infrared Images (Heat) Cooler • Answer: Infrared Images (Heat) Warmest Cooler • Answer: Infrared Images (Heat) Warmest Cooler sweaty butt crack? • Is this a pose? Or is this normal behavior? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Answer: Pose because humans must maintain a homeostasis with their environment to survive. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy What is Homeostasis? • The process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment • Humans as well as all animals need to maintain a homeostasis with their environment. • How does the human body maintain homeostasis? – The eleven organ systems of the human body work together to maintain homeostasis. – Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. Increase room temperature To help understand homeostasis lets think about how a thermostat works Decrease room temperature A Changing Environment • The external environment around an organism is constantly changing. • These changes threaten the stability of an organism’s internal environment. • The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment is called homeostasis. • Change in seasons, light level, water availability, or other changes to the external environment can change an organism’s internal environment. • Different organisms deal with these changes in different ways. • In a colder environment, for example, organisms may eat more food, puff out fur or feathers, fly to warmer areas, or hibernate. Responses to Change • Organisms must carry out many chemical reactions to grow, obtain energy, and reproduce. • Many organisms also move, breathe, produce heat, and do other tasks. • All of these activities require the organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment. Responses to Change • Organisms detect and respond to both internal and external environments in a variety of ways. • Detection and response can take place at both the cellular and organismal level. • Failure to respond to change can result in an organism’s death. Humans and Homeostasis • In the human body, the main components of homeostasis are the following: – the concentration of salts – The pH of the internal environment – The concentration of nutrients and waste products – The concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide – The volume and pressure of extracellular fluid • Humans as well as all animals need to maintain a homeostasis with their environment. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Humans as well as all animals need to maintain a homeostasis with their environment. Example #1- sweating “It’s gross but it keeps my body in homeostasis.” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Homeostasis: The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. Regardless of outside conditions. Example #2 – Goosebumps/Shivering Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Homeostasis: The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. – Regardless of outside conditions. Your body will react to changing temperatures such as goose bumps which cause hair to stand straight up and creates more insulation. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • What day of the year is this? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Halloween, October 31st • Your body must also maintain a homeostasis with all of the sugar and foods you put into your body. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Your body must also maintain a homeostasis with all of the sugar and foods you put into your body. – Your blood must maintain a constant level of sugar. Example # 3 – Blood Glucose Level Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Now let’s take a look at how plants maintain homeostasis: • Leaves of plants are covered on the top and bottom by epidermis made of a layer of tough, irregularly shaped cells. • The epidermis of many leaves is also covered by the cuticle. • Together, the cuticle and epidermal cells form a waterproof barrier that protects tissues and limits the loss of water through evaporation. Stomata (singular: stoma), are pore-like openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf. Each stoma consist of: two guard cells, the specialized cells in the epidermis that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure. Responses to Change • The pores on a plant’s leaf help the plant to regulate water loss and gas exchange. • During the day, tissues perform photosynthesis. • Guard cells near these active tissues swell with water. This opens pores, letting in the carbon dioxide that is needed for photosynthesis Responses to Change • Open pores also allow water to exit the leaf. • At night, when photosynthesis slows, water exits the guard cells. • The cells shrink and close the pores, preventing excess water loss at night. Control of Stomatal Opening