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Human Body Unit
Part
I/XIII
“This unit will
focus mostly on
human biology.”
“However, some
animal anatomy
will be
addressed.”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Caution! You will see many real images of
human anatomy.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Caution! You will see many real images of
human anatomy.
– Please overcome any discomfort you may feel
as this may impede your learning.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Caution! You will see many real images of
human anatomy.
– Please overcome any discomfort you may feel
as this may impede your learning.
These are things that
surgeons see everyday.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Quiz Wiz 1-10 Name the Organ of the
human body. Let’s see what you already
know.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
1
• Liver: Part of the Digestive System.
1
2
• Stomach: Part of the Digestive System.
2
3
• Intestines: Part of the Digestive System.
3
4
• Brain: Part of the Nervous System.
• .
5
• Heart: Part of Circulatory System.
6
• Pancreas: Part of the digestive and
endocrine system.
6
6
7
• Kidney: Part of the excretory system.
7
8
• Lungs: Part of the Respiratory System.
8
Healthy Lung
Smoker’s Lung
9
• Bladder: Part of the Excretory System.
9
10
• Spleen: Part of the Lymphatic System.
10
orm
orm
orm
ollows
orm
ollows
orm
ollows
unction
orm
ollows
unction

Form Follows Function: Parts of the body
are shaped to perform a particular job.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Learning all about the human body has
been a long road of small steps.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Earliest anatomical studies occurred on
live humans and animals called vivisection
thousands of years ago.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Oil Painting of animal vivisection on a live
dog.
– Any reactions?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Leonardo da Vinci created 750 anatomical
drawings from corpses from 1489-1515.
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Cell
-
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Cell
Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Many
Many
Systems
Systems
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Organism
Cell
Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Cell
Atom Molecule
Organism
Cell
Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A few important things before we begin.
– The body is made of 100 trillion cells all
working together.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Many organelles make a cell.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Which is a cheek cell, and which is an
onion cell? What is the difference?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Is this a plant cell or animal cell?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer! Plant Cell.
• Plant cells have cell walls that perform a variety of
functions.
• Is this a plant or animal cell?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer! A plant cell
– Plants cell have photosynthetic chloroplasts
that are usually green. (They have their own
DNA)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Is this a plant cell, or animal cell? Why?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer! Animal Cell.
– Irregular shape, no cell wall, no central
vacuole, no chloroplasts.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Plant and animal cells both have…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Plant and animal cells both have…
– Nucleus
– Cytoplasm
– Cell Membrane.
– Other similar organelles.
– Many of the same processes.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Plant and animal cells both have…
– Many of the same processes.
•
•
•
•
Cellular Respiration
Protein synthesis
Cell transport
Many more
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Cells are the structural and functional units
of all living organisms.
– Humans have some 75-100 Trillion
• Multi-cellular (More than one cell)
– Some Protista have 1 - Unicellular
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Absorbing Cells such as those in your
intestines aid in digestion.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical
substances together. –Break down food,
produce hormones.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical
substances together. –Break down food,
produce hormones.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical
substances together. –Break down food,
produce hormones.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical
substances together. –Break down food,
produce hormones.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical
substances together. –Break down food,
produce hormones.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical
substances together. –Break down food,
produce hormones.
Pancreas
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and
shorten. Muscle Cells.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and
shorten. Muscle Cells.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and
shorten. Muscle Cells.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and
shorten. Muscle Cells.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Different cells include…
– Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and
shorten. Muscle Cells.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Egg- female
Skin Cells
Sperm - Male
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Egg- female
Skin Cells
Sperm - Male
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Egg- female
Skin Cells
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Fat Cells
Egg- female
Skin Cells
Sperm - Male
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Fat Cells
Sex Cells
Skin Cells
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Fat Cells
Sex Cells
Egg- female
Skin Cells
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Fat Cells
Sex Cells
Egg- female
Skin Cells
Sperm - Male
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Liver Cell
Fat Cells
Sex Cells
Egg- female
Skin Cells
Sperm - Male
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Liver Cell
Fat Cells
100’s of more cell types
Sex Cells
Egg- female
Skin Cells
Sperm - Male
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Many cells make a tissue.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Tissue: A group of similar cells that
perform the same function.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common muscle tissue in the
human body include…
• Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten.
Smooth
Muscle
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common muscle tissue in the
human body include…
• Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten.
Smooth
Muscle
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common muscle tissue in the
human body include…
• Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten.
Smooth
Muscle
Tissue
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac
Muscle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common muscle tissue in the
human body include…
• Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten.
Smooth
Muscle
Tissue
Skeletal
Muscle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common muscle tissue in the
human body include…
• Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten.
Smooth
Muscle
Tissue
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac
Muscle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common muscle tissue in the
human body include…
• Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten.
Smooth
Muscle
Tissue
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac
Muscle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Cartilage
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Cartilage
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Cartilage
Fibrous
Connective
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Cartilage
Fibrous
Connective
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Adipose –
Fat Tissue
Fibrous
Connective
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Adipose –
Fat Tissue
Fibrous
Blood
Connective
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Adipose –
Fat Tissue
Fibrous
Blood
Connective
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Adipose –
Fat Tissue
Fibrous
Blood
Connective
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Adipose
Cartilage
–
Fat Tissue
Fibrous
Blood
Connective
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Adipose
Cartilage
–
Fat Tissue
Fibrous
Blood
Connective
Tissue
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common nervous tissues in the
human body include…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common nervous tissues in the
human body include…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common nervous tissues in the
human body include…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common nervous tissues in the
human body include…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common epithelial tissues in the
human body include…
Simple
Stratified
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common epithelial tissues in the
human body include…
Simple
Stratified
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common epithelial tissues in the
human body include…
Simple
Stratified
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common epithelial tissues in the
human body include…
Simple
Intestines Blue Whale
Stratified
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common epithelial tissues in the
human body include…
Simple
Intestines Blue Whale
Stratified
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Some common epithelial tissues in the
human body include…
Simple
Stratified
Intestines Blue Whale
Skin
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A group of tissue makes an organ.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Organ: A group of different tissues with a
specific job
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Many organs make an organ system.
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
Organ System: A group of organs that
work together to perform a specific job.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Many organs make an organ system.
Circulatory system
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• Many organs make an organ system.
Circulatory system
Heart
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• Many organs make an organ system.
Circulatory system
Heart
Blood vessels
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• A group of organ systems make an individual.
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• A group of organ systems make an individual.
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• A group of organ systems make an individual.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A group of organ systems make an individual.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Quiz 1-10. Levels of Biological Organization.
– Word Bank: Is it a cell, tissue, organ, organ
system, or individual.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
1
1 Organ
1 Organ
Heart
2
2 Organ system
2 Organ system
Digestive System
2 Organ system
Digestive System
3
3 Organ System
3 Organ System
Respiratory System
4
4 Tissue
4 Tissue
Tendon
5
5 Cell
5 Cell
Cheek Cell
6
6 Individual
6 Individual
Justin Bieber
7
7 Tissue
7 Tissue
Muscle
8
8 Organ
8 Organ
Reproductive Organ
8 Organ
Reproductive Organ
Giant
Squid
9
9 Tissue
9 Tissue
Brain Tissue
Our organ systems must work
together to keep us healthy!
• What are these pictures of?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer: Infrared Images (Heat)
• Answer: Infrared Images (Heat)
Cooler
• Answer: Infrared Images (Heat)
Warmest
Cooler
• Answer: Infrared Images (Heat)
Warmest
Cooler
sweaty butt
crack?
• Is this a pose? Or is this normal behavior?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer: Pose because humans must
maintain a homeostasis with their
environment to survive.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
What is Homeostasis?
• The process by which organisms maintain a
relatively stable internal environment
• Humans as well as all animals need to maintain a
homeostasis with their environment.
• How does the human body maintain homeostasis?
– The eleven organ systems of the human body
work together to maintain homeostasis.
– Homeostasis is the process by which organisms
keep internal conditions relatively constant
despite changes in external environments.
Increase room
temperature
To help
understand
homeostasis lets
think about how
a thermostat
works
Decrease room
temperature
A Changing Environment
• The external environment around an
organism is constantly changing.
• These changes threaten the stability of an
organism’s internal environment.
• The maintenance of a relatively stable
internal environment is called homeostasis.
• Change in seasons, light level, water
availability, or other changes to the external
environment can change an organism’s
internal environment.
• Different organisms deal with these changes
in different ways.
• In a colder environment, for example,
organisms may eat more food, puff out fur or
feathers, fly to warmer areas, or hibernate.
Responses to Change
• Organisms must carry out many chemical
reactions to grow, obtain energy, and
reproduce.
• Many organisms also move, breathe,
produce heat, and do other tasks.
• All of these activities require the organism to
maintain a relatively stable internal
environment.
Responses to Change
• Organisms detect and respond to both
internal and external environments in a
variety of ways.
• Detection and response can take place at
both the cellular and organismal level.
• Failure to respond to change can result in
an organism’s death.
Humans and Homeostasis
• In the human body, the main components of
homeostasis are the following:
– the concentration of salts
– The pH of the internal environment
– The concentration of nutrients and waste
products
– The concentration of oxygen and carbon
dioxide
– The volume and pressure of extracellular fluid
• Humans as well as all animals need to
maintain a homeostasis with their
environment.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Humans as well as all animals need to
maintain a homeostasis with their
environment. Example #1- sweating
“It’s gross but
it keeps my
body in
homeostasis.”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Homeostasis: The ability of an organism or
cell to maintain internal equilibrium by
adjusting its physiological processes.
 Regardless
of outside conditions. Example #2
– Goosebumps/Shivering
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Homeostasis: The ability of an organism
or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by
adjusting its physiological processes.
– Regardless of outside conditions.
Your body will react to changing
temperatures such as goose bumps
which cause hair to stand straight up
and creates more insulation.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• What day of the year is this?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Halloween, October 31st
• Your body must also maintain a
homeostasis with all of the sugar and
foods you put into your body.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Your body must also maintain a
homeostasis with all of the sugar and
foods you put into your body.
– Your blood must maintain a constant level of
sugar. Example # 3 – Blood Glucose Level
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Now let’s take a look at how
plants maintain homeostasis:
• Leaves of plants are covered on the top
and bottom by epidermis made of a layer
of tough, irregularly shaped cells.
• The epidermis of many leaves is also
covered by the cuticle.
• Together, the cuticle and epidermal cells
form a waterproof barrier that protects
tissues and limits the loss of water
through evaporation.
Stomata (singular: stoma), are pore-like openings in
the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide
and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf.
Each stoma consist of:
two guard cells, the
specialized cells in the
epidermis that control
the opening and closing
of stomata by
responding to changes
in water pressure.
Responses to Change
• The pores on a plant’s leaf help the plant to
regulate water loss and gas exchange.
• During the day, tissues perform
photosynthesis.
• Guard cells near these active tissues swell
with water. This opens pores, letting in the
carbon dioxide that is needed for
photosynthesis
Responses to Change
• Open pores also allow water to exit
the leaf.
• At night, when photosynthesis
slows, water exits the guard cells.
• The cells shrink and close the
pores, preventing excess water
loss at night.
Control of Stomatal Opening