Download Chapter 40 – Intro to Animal Structure and Function

Systems of the Human body-Structure and Function
(with brief comparisons to all animals
covered)
Anatomy – study of STRUCTURE
Physiology – study of FUNCTION
Organ Systems of body
• Digestive
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Circulatory
Respiratory
Immune and Lymphatic
Excretory
Endocrine
Reproductive
Nervous
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
-breaks down food and
absorbs nutrients
-transports materials
-exchange of O2 and CO2
-defense of body cells
-gets rid of liquid waste
-hormonal control of body
-carries on species
-transmits signals and info
-protects outside of body
-provides framework
-allows for body movement
Hierarchy of body structure
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Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Whole Organism
Function correlates with structure in
tissues…
• Tissue: latin for “weave”; groups of cells with
common structure and function
• 4 categories of tissue:
1. epithelial – covers/lines surfaces of body
and organs
2. connective – holds things together,
provides structure
3. nervous – passes messages
4. muscle – allows for movement and flexibility
2 large cavities…
• Thoracic:
• Abdominal:
houses lungs, heart
“guts” – stomach, liver,
intestines, pancreas,
reproductive organs of
females, bladder
• Thoracic and abdominal cavities separated by
diaphragm
• Both cavities lined by mesentery – connective
tissue that binds and supports organs (“Saran
Wrap” for organs…)
Digestive System
• Two-way -- most simple
*has gastrovascular cavity and uses diffusion to get
nutrients distributed
• One-way -- more complex
*much more specialized
In human, see one of most complex arrangements:
• Pathway: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines,
large intestines, colon, rectum, anus
• Accessory digestive organs – liver, pancreas secrete
enzymes and hormones that help digestion
Figure 41.13 The human digestive system
Respiratory systems
• Aquatic – gills
• Terrestrial
*tracheae with spiracles leading to the
individual cells (insects)
*book lungs (spiders)
*skin, through diffusion (amphibians
*true lungs (amphibians through mammals)
-birds most advanced, oxygen-rich air
in lungs ALL of the time due to air sacs and one
way flow through lungs
Respiratory System
• Mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchii, lungs
(bronchioles branch into millions of alveoli)
Figure 42.23ab The mammalian respiratory system
Figure 42.23cx1 Alveolar structure of mouse lung
Figure 42.26 Automatic control of breathing
Circulatory systems
• Open systems – blood bathes organs
• Closed systems – directional, enclosed in
arteries, veins, capillaries
Heart is the pump, 1-4 chambers present
Circulatory System
• Heart, arteries (carry oxygen-rich blood),
capillaries (tiny, sites of O2 and CO2
exhange), veins, (carry oxygen-depleted
blood)
• Red blood cells are called erythrocytes
Circulatory schemes of vertebrates
(2 chambers, 3 chambers, 4 chambers)
Single loop
Double loop,
some mixing
Double loop,
completely
separate
Figure 42.5 The mammalian heart: a closer look
Immune and Lymphatic Systems
• White Blood Cells (lymphocytes) – destroy
foreign invaders that are identified
• Lymph glands and lymph vessels carry the
needed immune system cells to various
locations
Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system
Excretory System
How orgs body gets rid of nitrogenous waste (toxic to
cells)
• Porifera and Cnidaria – diffusion
• Platyhelminthes – flame cells pull out excess water,
dissolved nitrogenous waste
• Mollusca and Annelida – nephridia, liquid ammonia
• Arthropoda – Malpighian tubules (grasshoppers) – URIC
ACID produced
• Echinoderms – diffusion through tube feet
• Fish and Amphibians – kidneys, ammonia into water
• Reptiles and Birds – kidneys, URIC ACID crystals
• Mammals – kidneys, produce urine
• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Figure 44.21 The human excretory system at four size scales
N
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P
H
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80 KILOMETERS OF TUBULES
Endocrine System
• Controls hormone release
• 6 major locations that release hormones that affect other
areas of body:
1.Pituitary gland
2.Thyroid glands
3.Thymus glands
4.Adrenal glands
5.Pancreas
6.Ovaries or Testes
Figure 45.5 Human endocrine glands surveyed in this chapter
Reproduction
• Asexual vs. Sexual
• Internal fertilization vs. External fertilization
• Hermaphrodites
Oviparous – lays eggs
Ovoviviparous – eggs hatch in Mom, give birth to
live young
Viviparous – Mom’s body nourishes in utero, live
birth
Reproductive System
• Sperm produced in males, eggs in females
• Begin production of fertile reproductive
cells when reach puberty
• Sperm made outside of body because
internal body temp kills sperm
• Female born with all eggs going to
produce; when all have been released, go
through menopause
Figure 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male
Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female
Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female (continued)
Figure 46.17 Placental circulation
Figure 46.22 Ultrasound imaging
Nervous System
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Figure 48.16 The nervous system of a vertebrate
Figure 48.20 The main parts of the human brain
Senses controlled and interpreted
by brain
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Sight – optic nerve
Hearing – auditory nerve
Smell – olfactory organs, info sent to brain
Taste – taste buds, info sent to brain
Touch – nerves in skin, connect to spinal
cord
Figure 49.9 Structure of the vertebrate eye
Figure 49.17 Structure and function of the human ear
Integumentary System
• Skin is largest organ in body
• If damaged, body is warned of infection
Figure 43.5 A simplified view of the inflammatory response
Skeletal System
Hydrostatic skeleton – water
Exoskeleton – chitin, shed to grow
Endoskeleton – internal scaffolding
In Chordates, endoskeleton supports and
gives internal framework
Figure 49.28a The human skeleton
Muscular System
• Muscles are arranged in pairs – one
contracts while other relaxes
Figure 49.30 The cooperation of muscles and skeletons in movement
Organ Systems of body
• Digestive
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Circulatory
Respiratory
Immune and Lymphatic
Excretory
Endocrine
Reproductive
Nervous
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
-breaks down food and
absorbs nutrients
-transports materials
-exchange of O2 and CO2
-defense of body cells
-gets rid of liquid waste
-hormonal control of body
-carries on species
-transmits signals and info
-protects outside of body
-provides framework
-allows for body movement