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Chapter 1: The Human Body… An Orientation and Introduction I > Clicker Question (Sample) Which of the following questions best describes my I > clicker experience thus far? A) I have never used an I >Clicker in a classroom experience before, but I am looking forward to doing so in BIOL 232. B) I have used an I > Clicker in some other situation, but I am definitely looking forward to using it in BIOL 232. C) I dislike I > Clickers because they are an ugly grey/beige color that detracts from my textbook and notebook for BIOL 232. D) I am in BIOL 232?!?! I thought this was my accounting class! E) I > Clcker?!?! What is that? Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization. Atoms Organelle Smooth muscle cell Molecule 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.2 Examples of interrelationships among body organ systems. Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Feces Protects the body as a whole Urine from the external environment Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Hair Skin Nails (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3b The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Bones Joint (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3c The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3d The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Brain Spinal cord Nerves (d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3e The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3g The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3f The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3h The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3i The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3j The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3k-l The body’s organ systems and their major functions. Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Testis Scrotum Ductus deferens Uterus Vagina Uterine tube (l) Female Reproductive System (k) Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4 Interaction among the elements of a homeostatic control system. 3 Input: Information 4 Output: Control Center sent along afferent pathway to control Afferent center. 2 Receptor pathway Receptor detects change. Efferent pathway Effector 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. BALANCE 5 Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. Figure 1.5 Regulation of body temperature by a negative feedback mechanism. Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Afferent pathway Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Efferent pathway Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Sweat glands Sweat glands activated Response Evaporation of sweat Body temperature falls; stimulus ends Stimulus Body temperature rises BALANCE Stimulus Response Body temperature rises; stimulus ends Body temperature falls Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Skeletal muscles Shivering begins Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Figure 1.6 Summary of the positive feedback mechanism regulating formation of a platelet plug. 1 Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall. Positive feedback cycle is initiated. 3 Released chemicals attract more platelets. Positive feedback loop 2 Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals. Feedback cycle ends when plug is formed. 4 Platelet plug forms. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7 Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Mammary Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Manus (hand) Pollex Metacarpal Palmar Digital Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (a) Anterior/Ventral Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Popliteal Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Calcaneal Metatarsal Digital Plantar Hallux (b) Posterior/Dorsal I > Clicker Question (Sample) Which of the following questions best describes my CITI Training thus far? A) I am finished and look forward to receiving my 10 BONUS POINTS! B) I am still working on it and will be sure to get it done at the appropriate time to get my 10 BONUS POINTS! I am still working on it and think I may not get it done in time to earn my 10 BONUS POINTS….. Instead I will either LOSE 15 points or LOSE 50 points!!!!! Argh!!!! I had better try harder and get it done so I can earn my 10 BONUS POINTS I look forward to losing 15 or 50 points and so I plan to do the assignment late if at all. C) D) I > Clicker Question (Sample) Which of the following questions best describes my I > clicker experience thus far? A) I have never used an I >Clicker in a classroom experience before, but I am looking forward to doing so in BIOL 232. B) I have used an I > Clicker in some other situation, but I am definitely looking forward to using it in BIOL 232. C) I dislike I > Clickers because they are an ugly grey/beige color that detracts from my textbook and notebook for BIOL 232. D) I am in BIOL 232?!?! I thought this was my accounting class! E) I > Clcker?!?! What is that? Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Pancreas (c) Median section (midsagittal) Aorta Spleen Left and Liver Heart Spleen right lungs Stomach Arm Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Spinal cord Body wall Subcutaneous fat layer Intestines Rectum Vertebral column Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) (a) Lateral view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral body cavity (thoracic and Abdomino- abdominopelvic pelvic cavities) cavity Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Right Epigastric hypochondriac region region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac Hypogastric (inguinal) (pubic) region region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Diaphragm Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Appendix Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.