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Chapter 4 Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Objectives • Identify and locate topographic terms on the body. • Describe anatomy and functions of the major body systems. 2 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Planes of the Body • Anterior • Posterior • Midaxillary • Midline • Midclavicular line 3 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Directional Terms • • • • • • • • Right and left Superior and inferior Lateral and medial Proximal and distal Superficial and deep Ventral and dorsal Palmar and plantar Apices and bilateral 4 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Anatomic Positions • Prone • Supine • Trendelenburg’s position • Fowler’s position 5 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Skeletal System • Gives form to the body • Protects vital organs • Consists of 206 bones • Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles • Designed to permit motion of the body 6 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Bone Man Additional Explanation Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Skull Orbit 8 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Neck (1 of 2) 9 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Neck (2 of 2) Trachea Esophagus Cervical Vertebrae Larynx Trachea Additional Explanation Esophagus Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Spinal Column 7 12 5 5 4 33 11 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Spinal Column 7 12 C7 is Prominent Ribs 5 5 4 33 12 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Thorax & Chest Cavity (1 of 2) Cavity is protected by: T12 13 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Thorax & Chest Cavity (2 of 2) Chest Cavity contains: •Heart •Great Vessels •Esophagus •Lungs Separated from abdomen by diaphragm Additional Explanation Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Abdomen (1 of 2) • The abdomen is the second major body cavity. • It contains RUQ the major RLQ organs of digestion and excretion. Chest Cavity LUQ LLQ Pancreas 15 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Abdomen (2 of 2) 16 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Pelvis 17 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Lower Extremity • Hip • Thigh ALL Neck of Femur • Knee • Leg Largest Joint in Body • Ankle • Foot 18 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Upper Extremity (1 of 2) • Shoulder girdle • Arm A/C Joint Additional Explanation 19 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Upper Extremity (2 of 2) Additional Explanation Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint 21 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Functions of the Musculoskeletal System • Gives the body shape • Protects internal organs • Provides for movement • Consists of more than 600 muscles 22 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Types of Muscle (1 of 2) • Skeletal (voluntary) muscle – Attached to the bones of the body • Smooth (involuntary) muscle – Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body 23 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Types of Muscle (2 of 2) • Cardiac muscle – Involuntary muscle – Has own blood supply and electrical system – Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods 24 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Respiratory System 25 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Diaphragm • Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles • Dome-shaped muscle • Divides thorax from abdomen • Contracts during inhalation • Relaxes during exhalation 26 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Breathing Process: Inhalation • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. • Pressure in the lungs decreases. • Air travels to the lungs. 27 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Breathing Process: Exhalation • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. • As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. • Pressure in the lungs increases. • Air flows out of the lungs. 28 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. • Oxygen diffuses into the blood. • The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen. 29 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Control of Breathing • Brain stem controls breathing. – Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high • Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.” – Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing 30 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Normal Breathing Characteristics • Normal rate and depth • Regular rhythm • Good breath sounds in both lungs • Regular rise and fall movements in the chest • Easy, not labored 31 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Normal Breathing Rates Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min Children 18 to 34 breaths/min Infants 30 to 60 breaths/min p 109 32 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Recognizing Inadequate Breathing ALL • Irregular rhythm • Pale or blue skin • Labored breathing • Cool, clammy skin • Muscle retractions • Faster respiratory rate 33 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Infant and Child Anatomy • Structures less rigid • Airway smaller • Tongue proportionally larger • Dependent on diaphragm for breathing 34 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Circulatory System 35 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Heart p.111 36 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Blood Flow Through the Heart ALL 37 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Electrical Conduction System • SA node • AV node • Purkinje fibers 38 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Normal Heart Rates p 112 Adults 60 to 100 beats/min Children 70 to 140 beats/min Toddlers 90 to 150 beats/min Newborns 120 to 160 beats/min 39 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Major Arteries and Veins ALL • Aorta • Brachial • Pulmonary • Radial • Carotid • Superior vena cava • Femoral • Inferior vena cava 40 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Components of Blood ALL • Plasma • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets 41 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Physiology of the Circulatory System (1 of 2) ALL • Pulse – The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts – Can be felt where an artery passes over a bone near the skin surface 42 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Physiology of the Circulatory System (2 of 2) ALL • Blood pressure – Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries Systole: Left ventricle contracts Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes • Perfusion – Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue – If inadequate, the patient goes into shock. 43 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Nervous System ALL • The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions. • Somatic nervous system –Regulates voluntary actions • Autonomic nervous system –Controls involuntary body functions 44 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Central Nervous System (1 of 2) ALL 45 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Central Nervous System (2 of 2) 46 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Peripheral Nervous System • Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. • Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system. • Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. 47 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Skin (1 of 2) ALL • Protects the body from the environment • Regulates body temperature • Transmits information from environment to the brain • Largest single organ in the body 48 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Skin (2 of 2) 49 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Endocrine System • Complex message and control system • Made up of 7 glands • Glands produce and release hormones. 50 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Endocrine Glands • Adrenal • Pituitary • Ovary • Testes • Pancreas • Thyroid • Parathyroid 51 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Digestive System • Mouth • Liver • Salivary glands • Bile ducts • Oropharynx • Small intestine • Esophagus • Large intestine • Stomach • Appendix • Pancreas • Rectum 52 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Urinary System 53 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Male Reproductive System 54 Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology Female Reproductive System 55