Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
Breast development wikipedia , lookup
History of catecholamine research wikipedia , lookup
Xenoestrogen wikipedia , lookup
Menstrual cycle wikipedia , lookup
Mammary gland wikipedia , lookup
Adrenal gland wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (menopause) wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female) wikipedia , lookup
Physical laws and the environment constrain animal size and shape • Physical laws place limits on the range of animal forms • For example - exchange processes across plasma membranes: – A single-celled protist living in water has a sufficient surface area of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm – Multicellular organisms with a sac body plan have body walls that are only two cells thick, facilitating diffusion of materials – More complex organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exchange with the Environment • An animal’s size and shape directly affect how it exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings • Exchange occurs as substances dissolved in the aqueous medium diffuse and are transported across the cells’ plasma membranes • A single-celled protist living in water has a sufficient surface area of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm • Multicellular organisms with a sac body plan have body walls that are only two cells thick, facilitating diffusion of materials • More complex organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings LE 40-3 Mouth Diffusion Gastrovascular cavity Diffusion Diffusion Single cell Two cell layers LE 40-4 Respiratory system 0.5 cm Heart Nutrients Digestive system 50 µm External environment CO2 O Food 2 Mouth Animal body A microscopic view of the lung reveals that it is much more spongelike than balloonlike. This construction provides an expansive wet surface for gas exchange with the environment (SEM). Cells Circulatory system 10 µm Interstitial fluid Excretory system The lining of the small intestine, a digestive organ, is elaborated with fingerlike projections that expand the surface area for nutrient absorption (cross-section, SEM). Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (urine) Inside a kidney is a mass of microscopic tubules that exchange chemicals with blood flowing through a web of tiny vessels called capillaries (SEM). Figure 40.3 Epithelial Tissue Figure 40.4 Muscle Cells Contain Protein Filaments Figure 40.5 Connective Tissues Figure 40.6 Nervous Tissue Includes Neurons and Glial Cells Figure 40.7 Tissues Form Organs Figure 30.5 Adrenergic Receptors Hypothalamus Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary HORMONE TARGET Tropic Effects Only FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Nontropic Effects Only Prolactin MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endorphin Portal vessels Nontropic and Tropic Effects Growth hormone Hypothalamic releasing hormones (red dots) HORMONE TARGET TSH Testes or ovaries Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones (blue dots) ACTH Mammary glands MSH Endorphin Melanocytes Pain receptors in the brain Growth hormone Liver What micronutrient is required to synthesize T3 and T4? List some effects of T3 and T4? Gland? List two diseases contributed to Overproduction and underproduction Of T3 and T4? Hormone? Gland? Type of FeedBack? Hormone? Type of FeedBack? Gland? T3 T4 Hormone? Gland? Why is maintenance of Ca important? Acts on: Acts on: Effect on this organ? Effect on this organ? Net Effect: STIMULUS: What disorder is exhibited by a deficiency of Ca? Homoeostasis: Blood Ca2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL) Net Effect: STIMULUS: Acts on: Gland? Effect on this organ? Hormone? Acts on: Effect on this organ? Vitamin Produced? Acts on: Effect on this organ? Hormone? Acts on: Effects? Gland? Specific cell type? Acts on: Effects? Net Effect? STIMULUS: Name 2 disorders related to inability to regulate blood glucose: Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Net Effect? STIMULUS: How do the underlying causes of these disorders differ? Gland? Acts on: Effect? Hormone? Specific cell type? Gland? Thirst Hormone? Drinking reduces blood osmolarity to set point Gland? Acts on: Effect? STIMULUS Collecting duct Homeostasis: Blood osmolarity Homeostasis: Blood pressure, volume Acts on: Effect? STIMULUS: Hormone? Acts on: Effect? Gland? Converted to: Distal tubule Angiotensinogen JGA Enzyme Produced? Control by hypothalamus ___________ by combination of estrogen and progesterone Gland? What type of feedback is going on in each of these three scenarios? Stimulated by _______ levels of ___________ Gland? Inhibited by low levels of __________________ Pituitary gonadotropins in blood LH surge triggers ___________________ ____ and______ stimulate _____________ to grow ____________ cycle Growing follicle Corpus luteum Mature follicle _______________ phase Event? _________________ phase ____________ and _________ secreted by corpus luteum __________ secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Ovarian hormones in blood Degenerating corpus luteum Peak causes _____ surge Estrogen level very low ___________ and ___________ promote thickening of endometrium ___________________ cycle What hormone is produced if fertilization occurs? Endometrium What effect does this have on feedback mechanisms? Days Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase 0 5 10 Secretory phase 14 15 20 25 28 Gland? Hormone? List types of feedback on effects: List types of feedback on effects: Gland? Hormone? follicle Effect? Hormone? Effect? corpus luteum Hormone? oocyte Hormone? Stimuli from other areas in the brain Gland? __________________ Hormone Released? ______________ Gland? ____________ _________________ feedback Hormone? ___________ Hormone? __________ Leydig cells make ____________ Primary and secondary sex characteristics Sertoli cells Event? __________________ Testis Stress Nerve Spinal cord signals (cross section) Gland? Releasing hormone Nerve cell Gland? Blood vessel Nerve cell Gland? Hormone released? Gland? Kidney Long-term stress response Short-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2. 2.