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Physical laws and the environment constrain
animal size and shape
• Physical laws place limits on the range of animal
forms
• For example - exchange processes across plasma
membranes:
–
A single-celled protist living in water has a sufficient surface area
of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm
–
Multicellular organisms with a sac body plan have body walls that
are only two cells thick, facilitating diffusion of materials
–
More complex organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for
exchanging materials
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Exchange with the Environment
•
An animal’s size and shape directly affect how it exchanges energy
and materials with its surroundings
•
Exchange occurs as substances dissolved in the aqueous medium
diffuse and are transported across the cells’ plasma membranes
•
A single-celled protist living in water has a sufficient surface area of
plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm
•
Multicellular organisms with a sac body plan have body walls that are
only two cells thick, facilitating diffusion of materials
•
More complex organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for
exchanging materials
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
LE 40-3
Mouth
Diffusion
Gastrovascular
cavity
Diffusion
Diffusion
Single cell
Two cell layers
LE 40-4
Respiratory
system
0.5 cm
Heart
Nutrients
Digestive
system
50 µm
External environment
CO2 O
Food
2
Mouth
Animal
body
A microscopic view of the lung
reveals that it is much more
spongelike than balloonlike. This
construction provides an expansive
wet surface for gas exchange with
the environment (SEM).
Cells
Circulatory
system
10 µm
Interstitial
fluid
Excretory
system
The lining of the small intestine, a digestive
organ, is elaborated with fingerlike
projections that expand the surface area for
nutrient absorption (cross-section, SEM).
Anus
Unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Metabolic waste
products (urine)
Inside a kidney is a mass of microscopic
tubules that exchange chemicals with
blood flowing through a web of tiny
vessels called capillaries (SEM).
Figure 40.3 Epithelial Tissue
Figure 40.4 Muscle Cells Contain Protein Filaments
Figure 40.5 Connective Tissues
Figure 40.6 Nervous Tissue Includes Neurons and Glial
Cells
Figure 40.7 Tissues Form Organs
Figure 30.5 Adrenergic Receptors
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory
cells of the
hypothalamus
Axon
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
HORMONE
TARGET
Tropic Effects Only
FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone
LH, luteinizing hormone
TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
Neurosecretory cells
of the hypothalamus
Nontropic Effects Only
Prolactin
MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Endorphin
Portal vessels
Nontropic and Tropic Effects
Growth hormone
Hypothalamic
releasing
hormones
(red dots)
HORMONE
TARGET
TSH
Testes or
ovaries
Endocrine cells of the
anterior pituitary
Pituitary hormones
(blue dots)
ACTH
Mammary
glands
MSH
Endorphin
Melanocytes
Pain receptors
in the brain
Growth hormone
Liver
What micronutrient is required to
synthesize T3 and T4?
List some effects of T3 and T4?
Gland?
List two diseases contributed to
Overproduction and underproduction
Of T3 and T4?
Hormone?
Gland?
Type of FeedBack?
Hormone?
Type of FeedBack?
Gland?
T3
T4
Hormone?
Gland?
Why is maintenance of
Ca important?
Acts on:
Acts on:
Effect on this organ?
Effect on this
organ?
Net Effect:
STIMULUS:
What disorder is exhibited
by a deficiency of Ca?
Homoeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
Net Effect:
STIMULUS:
Acts on:
Gland?
Effect on this organ?
Hormone?
Acts on:
Effect on this organ?
Vitamin
Produced?
Acts on:
Effect on this organ?
Hormone?
Acts on:
Effects?
Gland?
Specific cell type?
Acts on:
Effects?
Net Effect?
STIMULUS:
Name 2 disorders
related to inability to
regulate blood glucose:
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
Net Effect?
STIMULUS:
How do the underlying causes
of these disorders
differ?
Gland?
Acts on:
Effect?
Hormone?
Specific cell type?
Gland?
Thirst
Hormone?
Drinking reduces
blood osmolarity
to set point
Gland?
Acts on:
Effect?
STIMULUS
Collecting duct
Homeostasis:
Blood osmolarity
Homeostasis:
Blood pressure,
volume
Acts on:
Effect?
STIMULUS:
Hormone?
Acts on:
Effect?
Gland?
Converted to:
Distal
tubule
Angiotensinogen
JGA
Enzyme
Produced?
Control by hypothalamus
___________ by combination of
estrogen and progesterone
Gland?
What type of feedback is going on
in each of these three scenarios?
Stimulated by _______ levels
of ___________
Gland?
Inhibited by low levels of
__________________
Pituitary gonadotropins
in blood
LH surge triggers
___________________
____ and______ stimulate
_____________ to grow
____________ cycle
Growing follicle
Corpus
luteum
Mature
follicle
_______________ phase
Event?
_________________ phase
____________ and
_________ secreted
by corpus luteum
__________ secreted
by growing follicle in
increasing amounts
Ovarian hormones
in blood
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Peak causes
_____ surge
Estrogen level
very low
___________ and ___________
promote thickening
of endometrium
___________________ cycle
What hormone is produced if
fertilization occurs?
Endometrium
What effect does this have on
feedback mechanisms?
Days
Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase
0
5
10
Secretory phase
14 15
20
25
28
Gland?
Hormone?
List types of feedback on effects:
List types of feedback on effects:
Gland?
Hormone?
follicle
Effect?
Hormone?
Effect?
corpus
luteum
Hormone?
oocyte
Hormone?
Stimuli from other
areas in the brain
Gland? __________________
Hormone
Released?
______________
Gland?
____________
_________________
feedback
Hormone?
___________
Hormone? __________
Leydig cells
make
____________
Primary and
secondary sex
characteristics
Sertoli cells
Event?
__________________
Testis
Stress
Nerve
Spinal cord signals
(cross
section)
Gland?
Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Gland?
Blood vessel
Nerve cell
Gland?
Hormone released?
Gland?
Kidney
Long-term stress response
Short-term stress response
Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:
Effects of
mineralocorticoids:
Effects of
glucocorticoids:
1.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
2.