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Protection Overview
Taking a Glace at:
Skin, Bones, Lymph and Blood
Kellie A. Ramsey
Charity Woodard
T.J. Bescher
STI 2009
Integumentary
System
Detects
Touch
Temperature
Maintenance
Nutrient
Storage
Vitamin D3
Synthesis
Skin: Structure
Image From; http://www.cdh.org/HealthInformation.aspx?pageId=P00256
The Epidermis
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•
•
•
Provides physical protection
Avascular
Can be thick or thin
5 layers
Epidermis Layers
Images from:
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Integumentary/Integu
m.htm#Epidermis
Skin Color
• 2 Pigments
– Carotene
• Orange yellow
• Location: Stratum corneum
• Function: Converts to vitamin A
Image from:
http://www.greenmystyle.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/05/model.jpg
– Melanin
• Brown or black
• Location: stratum germinativum
• Function: protects epidermis from UV radiation
Image from:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YtKwv
dGthZg/R9qv8L1jnfI/AAAAAAAAA
Ug/FVXpmDJCBU4/s320/awek_06ju
ne_gqispovision.jpg
Blood Circulation
• Sudden drop in blood circulation:
pale skin
• Sustained drop in blood circulation:
hemoglobin releases oxygen causing
blood to turn darker giving the skin a blue
appearance
• Dilation of blood vessels:
red appearance
Dermis
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•
•
•
Lies beneath the epidermis
Provides nourishment for epidermis
Gives skin strength
Contains glands
Skin Cancer, Melanomas and SPF
Carcinoma
Image from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_cell_carc
inoma
Melanoma
Accessory Structures
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•
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Hair
Nails
Sweat Gland
Oil Glands
Burn Images
Burns
Classification of Burns
Burns
• Burns can be caused by:
– Heat: Solids, liquids or gases
– Cold: Any cold object that brings body below
normal temperature
– Light:
– Radiation: UV light
– Friction:
– Chemical: Strong acids and bases
Burns
Life is threatened if burn covers over 20% of
body….
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•
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
Thermoregulation
Protection
Shock
Documentation
Martini, Frederic.2004. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology.6th Edition. New York:
Benjamin Cummings; p. 155-181.
Lawrence County Career & Technical Center. [Internet].
[date accessed: 2009 July 9]. Available from: http://www.lcvt.tec.pa.us/4003
305518924/blank/browse.asp?A=383&BMDRN=2000&BCOB=0&C=47818
Central DuPage Hospital.[internet]. Illinois (US): [date updated 2005; date accessed:
2009 July 9]. Available from: http://www.cdh.org/HealthInformation.aspx?pageId=P00256
School of Anatomy and Human Biology - The University of Western Australia Blue
Histology - Integumentary System. [Internet]. Australia:[date updated: 2006 Jan 10; date
accessed:]. Available from: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu. au/mb140/CorePages
/Integumentary/Integum.htm#Epidermis
Wikipedia. [internet]. [date updated: 2009 July 9; date accessed: 2009 July 10]. Available
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_cell_carcinoma
Unit 5 - Protection
5.2 Bones
Bone Structure
• Bones must be very
strong to support and
protect your organs.
•
Image from:
http://tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:sPFZIIr_N_lVxM:http://fa
rm1.static.flickr.com/97/235439243_c7597c1879_o.jpg
• They must also be
light enough so your
body can move
easily.
•
Image from:
http://www.ordet.it/foto/2005/resized/20050815_459.JPG
A Happy Medium
• Compact Bone - dense, smooth looking
bone that provides support and protection
•
Image from: http://www.e-radiography.net/articles/ossification/ossification_files/image007.jpg
• Cancellous (Spongy) Bone – small, pieces
of bone with a lot of open space that
makes bone lighter; resembles a sponge
What makes bones so strong?
• Collagen fibers make the bones able to
withstand some bending and stretching.
•
Image from: /www.kennethkeith.com/milkbottles/
• Mineral salts like calcium allow the bone to
withstand being compressed and
squeezed.
But bones can only take so much!
• Fractures – Bones can only bend, stretch,
and compress so far before they break.
How do bones heal when they are
not living tissue?
• Bone is living tissue! Bone cells are supplied by
many blood vessels. Most bone injuries heal
quickly due to the large blood supply.
•
Image from: http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/compact_spongy_bone.jpg
How does a bone heal?
• The bone must first be set back in its
proper place by a physician, either
manually (non-surgically) or by surgery,
and then immobilized.
•
Image from: http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/
2244362/PiperInCast-main_Full.jpg
A Four Step Process to Healing
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilage callus
Bony callus
Bone remodeling
Hematoma Formation
• A blood-filled swelling forms when blood vessels
rupture at the site of the break
• Bone cells will die without a blood supply so new
blood vessels must form between the break
•
Image from: http://boneandspine.com
Fibrocartilage callus formation
• A mass of repair tissue is formed by the
collection of cells of connective tissue at
the site of the hematoma & new blood
vessels
• This repair tissue contains cartilage matrix,
bony matrix, and collagen fibers
Bone Remodeling
• Osteoclasts begin
breaking down the
bone on the “bulging”
side or area of the
damaged bone.
• Osteoblasts being
building new bone to
fill in the concave or
jagged side(s) of the
damaged bone.
Seeing Damaged or Diseased
Bones
• X-rays allow us to see
a picture of our
bones. The x-rays
pass through soft
tissue but not through
dense bony tissue
leaving us an image
of only the bones.
•
Image from: http://img.timeinc.net/
On a microscopic level
• Osteoblasts
– Bone forming cells
– Form bones in fetuses and young children
– Responsible for growth in bones
–
Image from: http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/
On a microscopic level
• Osteoclasts
– Large cells that resorb or break down bone
matrix
– Why would we break down bone?!
• During bone remodeling.
• If the amount of calcium in your bones is too low
(the body is not in homeostasis) then calcium must
be released from the bones.
• Calcium is very important for proper muscle, nerve,
and heart function as well as blood clotting.
• Calcium removed from your bones leads to…
OSTEOPOROSIS!
• The lack of calcium in your bones makes
them very brittle.
• Don’t let your body rob your bones! Make
sure you get plenty of calcium in your diet!
•
Image from: http://content.answers.com/
Other Common Diseases &
Disorders of the Bones
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
(Brittle Bone Disease)
• Osteoarthritis
• Leukemia
• Bone Tumors
Chronic Myeloid Leukeima smear,
Image found at:
http://www.topnews.in/health/files/
chronic-myeloid-leukemia.jpg
Does bone do anything besides
protect and support?
• Small bones in the ear allow us to hear.
• Bones store important minerals like calcium &
phosphorus.
• Yellow marrow stores fatty acids.
• Red marrow produces red & white blood cells
and platelets.
• Bone balances body pH to maintain
homeostasis by releasing or absorbing salts.
• Bones store toxins until they can be slowly
released by the body.
Documentation
• That textbook thingy
• Bone. (2009, July 6). In Wikipedia, The
Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 6,
2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B
one&oldid=300696078
Lymph and Blood Systems
• Both distribute, collect
and reconstitute
immune cells. Blood
system, of course,
makes and distributes
blood cells—which
distribute sugar,
oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and many
other molecules.
Lymphatic System
•
•
The lymphatic system consists of
organs, ducts, and nodes. It
transports a watery clear fluid
called lymph. This fluid distributes
immune cells and other factors
throughout the body. It also
interacts with the blood circulatory
system to drain fluid from cells and
tissues. The lymphatic system
contains immune cells called
lymphocytes, which protect the
body against antigens (viruses,
bacteria, etc…) that invade the
body.
WBCs bring foreign invaders
through cells, into the lymph
system—ultimately back to the
cardiovascular system (thoracic
duct).
Special Lymph Factoids
• A person can live fairly
well without tonsils or
spleen.
• The thymus is mainly
active in our younger
years.
• T-cells migrate to make
up the mature T-cell
peripheral immune
functions.
• Lymph vessels and veins
have the same basic
structure, sometimes
being hard to tell apart.
Blood System
• Blood cells are made
in the marrow of flat
and long bones.
• Includes RBCs and
WBCs (various).
Types of Immunity Cells
• All begin in the bone
marrow, but become
different types.
Differentiation is
dependent upon need
and signals.
Other Components of Blood
• Blood also has
clotting factors, called
fibrinogen (for scabs,
which help protect),
antibodies (which
recognize invaders,
and call forth WBCs),
and plasma (to carry
nutrients and ions to
our tissues).
Conclusions
• All 4 systems work
together to provide
protection for the
human organism.
• The systems are
interconnected, as
are all body
systems.
Citations
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•
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http://www.lymphomation.org/lymphatic.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Illu_lymphatic_system.jpg
http://media.newsobserver.com/content/news/health_science/transplant/story_graphi
cs/20080420_transplant_thymus.jpg
http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/824/PreviewComp/SuperStock_824697.jpg
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit99/images/3_2_diagram.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/artificial-blood-1.jpg
http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/blood_components.htm