Download Atherosclerosis

Types of Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular diseases include:
•Hypertension
•Atherosclerosis
•heart attack
•Arrhythmia
•congestive heart failure
•stroke.
Hypertension
•A person whose blood pressure consistently measures
140/90 or higher has hypertension, or high blood
pressure.
•Over time, hypertension can lead to heart disease.
•You can reduce your risk of developing
hypertension by
•exercising regularly
•maintaining a healthy weight
•reducing stress
•eating foods that are low in sodium
Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis (ath uh roh skluh ROH sis) is a disease in which fatty
substances, including cholesterol , build up on the inside walls of
arteries. These deposits, called plaque narrow or block the arteries.
Plaque
• Angina pectoris (an JY nuh PEK tur is) is the chest pain that occurs
when an area of the heart does not get enough oxygen-rich blood.
Heart Attack
•A heart attack occurs when some of the tissue in the
heart doesn’t receive its
normal blood supply
and dies.
•The cause is usually a blood
clot that forms in a coronary
artery that has been
narrowed by atherosclerosis.
•Four major risk factors: high blood pressure, high levels of
cholesterol in the blood, physical inactivity, and smoking.
Arrhythmia
•Irregular heartbeats, or arrhythmias (uh RITH mee uhs), are
another form of heart disease. The heart may beat too slowly
or too quickly, or with an uneven rhythm.
•Fibrillation (fib ruh LAY shun) is a life-threatening
arrhythmia in which the heart twitches rapidly in an
uncoordinated fashion.
Congestive Heart Failure
•Congestive Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart
slowly weakens over time.
•Usually, years of atherosclerosis and high blood pressure
can lead to congestive heart failure.
•As the heart weakens, it is unable to pump as much blood
as it once did.
Stroke
•A stroke is a sudden disruption of blood flow to part of
the brain. Strokes can occur when an artery that supplies
blood to an area of the brain is blocked.
•Strokes also can occur when a weakened artery in the
brain bursts, flooding the area with blood. If the burst
artery is located in the cerebrum, the main portion of the
brain, the stroke is called a cerebral hemorrhage (suh REE
brul HEM ur ij). May also be caused by a head injury
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Top View of Brain
Cerebral hemorrhage
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Risks You Cannot Control
•Heredity Having a family history of certain cardiovascular
diseases, such as hypertension, may increase your risk of
developing those diseases.
•Ethnicity Some diseases strike people of certain
ethnicities disproportionately.
•Gender Some cardiovascular diseases strike men and
women at different rates.
•Age As people age, their risk of cardiovascular disease
increases.
Risks You Can Control
•Maintain a healthy weight.
•Eat a healthy diet.
•Be physically active.
•Manage stress.
•Monitor your blood pressure.
•Avoid smoking and drinking.
Health Stats This graph shows the most common cancers in males
and females.
Is lung cancer more common in males or females? Why do you
think this is the case?
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How Cancer Affects the Body
Cancer is a group of diseases that involves the rapid, uncontrolled
growth and spread of abnormal cells.
•Cancer harms the body by destroying healthy
body tissues.
•Cancer cells typically form a mass of tissue called
a tumor.
•The word malignant (muh LIG nunt) is used to describe a
cancerous tumor.
•The spread of cancer from where it first develops to other
parts of the body is called metastasis
(muh TAS tuh sis).
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Causes of Cancer
•Heredity Some people inherit genes that have a
tendency to change, or mutate, into forms that allow cells
to reproduce too rapidly.
•Environment The environment contains cancer-causing
agents known as carcinogens
(kahr SIN uh junz). Carcinogens can cause mutations in
genes that control cell reproduction.
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Detecting and Treating Cancer
The key to curing cancer is early
detection and treatment.
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Tests
•Screening tests, such as mammograms and chest X-rays,
can detect cancers before any symptoms appear.
•If cancer is suspected from screening test results,
surgeons may remove a small piece of the tissue in
question to examine it for signs of cancer.
•This procedure is called a biopsy (BY ahp see).
Treatments
•Cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, its
location, and its stage of development.
•Surgery can remove a malignant tumor.
•Radiation therapy can kill cancer cells and slow tumor
growth.
•Chemotherapy (kee moh THEHR uh pee) uses drugs to
slow the reproduction of cancer cells. Immunotherapy (im
yuh noh THEHR uh pee) uses drugs to stimulate the
body’s immune system to attack cancer cells.
Preventing Cancer
• Regularly examining your skin and breasts or testicles for abnormal lumps or
growth is a good habit to start.
• Although the specific cause of most cancers is unknown, certain behaviors
have been shown to decrease the risk
of cancer.
• Do not use any form of tobacco.
• Avoid alcohol.
• Respect the sun’s ultraviolet rays.
• Choose a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol.
• Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight.
• Avoid unnecessary X-rays, especially during pregnancy.
• Avoid known carcinogens.
Diabetes
• Diabetes (dy uh BEE teez) is a disease in which the body’s ability to use
glucose (blood sugar) is impaired.
• Diabetes involves insulin (IN suh lin), a hormone produced by the pancreas
that stimulates body cells to take up and use blood sugar.
• If not controlled, diabetes can be life-threatening.
• People with diabetes are also at risk for
• heart disease
• stroke
• kidney disease
• blindness
• infections requiring amputation
• complications during pregnancy
Type 1 Diabetes
•A person with type 1 diabetes produces little or
no insulin.
•Without insulin, glucose levels in the blood
remain high.
•Symptoms include
•thirst
•frequent urination
•nausea
•hunger
•fatigue
•weight loss
Type 2 Diabetes
• People with type 2 diabetes produce sufficient insulin, but their body cells do
not respond normally to insulin.
• As with type 1 diabetes, the result is a high level of glucose in the blood.
• Symptoms are the same as for type 1 diabetes, but also include
• drowsiness
• itching
• blurred vision
• numbness in the hands or feet
• frequent, hard to heal infections
• Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include a family history of diabetes, being
overweight, and a lack of physical activity.
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Allergies
•Allergies develop when foreign substances enter the body
and set off a series of reactions.
•Any substance that causes an allergy is called
an allergen.
•The immune system’s overly sensitive response to an
allergen causes large quantities of a chemical called
histamine (HIS tuh meen) to be released.
•Histamine is responsible for the symptoms of an allergy,
such as sneezing and watery eyes.
Asthma
• Asthma is a disorder in which a person’s
respiratory passages become inflamed
and narrow significantly in reaction to
certain “triggers.”
• Asthma attacks can be triggered by many
things, including
• certain allergens • tobacco smoke
• stress
• exercise
• cold weather
• During an attack, a person may wheeze, cough,
or become short of breath.
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Arthritis
•Inflammation or irritation of a joint is known as arthritis
(ahr THRY tis).
•Arthritis is not life-threatening, but it can be extremely
painful and disabling.
•Arthritis results in joint stiffness, joint pain, or swelling in
one or more joints.
•There is no cure for most types of arthritis.