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Claudia Grover and Emily Gustafson-Plummer 2 types of HIV *HIV is the virus that will eventually progress into AIDS when it gets worse* Transferred from primates to human during the late 19th – 20th century Not until the late 1970’s AIDS began to show up in the US HIV-1: More virulent and is transmitted easier. Most HIV researchers agree that it was transmitted to humans by chimpanzees to gorillas and then to humans because HIV is closely related to SIV (an epidemic in wild ape populations) what is referred to when just saying HIV because that is what is around the globe HIV-2 SIV strains from wild sooty manabeys to humans overtime mostly confined to West Africa This case study was on Mrs. M.R. (the only given) and she was a Hispanic female in her late thirties. She was experiencing flu like symptoms and self medicating with over the counter medicine until she fainted after getting out of bed. She decided to consult a physician. She was highly dehydrated when admitted to a hospital, and that was able to be fixed by various fluids but her RPR indicated she needed to be test for syphilis. She then admitted she had been having unprotected sex with a new male and that she wasn’t aware of his sexual history. She consulted to a HIV viral test and the results came up positive. Her CD4 cells were 750mm^3 when average is 800-1500mm^3. She was classified of being in stage one of HIV (acute phase) and was immediately put on antiretroviral to help with her condition. Because she was detected early enough and was able to get on the antiretroviral medication she had a much better chance of surviving. She was scheduled for follow up visits to keep count of her HIV viral count. She experienced night terrors as a side effect of her medication. Her HIV viral count went down (by over 100,000) in six weeks and is still on her way to recovery, but HIV is a very unpredictable virus and any thing can happen at anytime because there is no cure. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that will lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is known as a retrovirus, but is in even a more specific group called a lentiiviruses (slow virus) meaning there is a long incubation time between infection and symptoms showing. HIV has a high mutation rate during replication with the reverse transcriptase “The ends of each strand of HIV RNA contain an RNA sequence called the long terminal repeat (LTR). Regions in the LTR act as switches to control production of new viruses and can be triggered by proteins from either HIV or the host cell” There are some patients that are Long Term Nonprogressors that are infected with the virus but show no symptoms. • • • • HIV targets immune cells (CD4 T-helper cells) When CD4 T-cells count get lower than 200cells/mm^3 then they have AIDS HIV is a spherical virus with an envelope comprised of a lipid bilayer and surface glycoproteins HIV primarily attacks CD4+ helper T cells by recognizing and binding the CD4 receptor on the surface of the T cells HIV/AIDS is very deadly & has a high mortality rate Little to no symptoms until about 2-4 weeks (could be up to three months) after infected Symptoms can mimic a bad case of the flu Latency (or chronic) phase can last up to ten years before passing away Common symptoms: fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and wasting syndrome at late stages People infected with AIDS don’t end up dying from HIV virus itself , overtime HIV wears the immune system by decreasing the WBC (which help fight foreign viruses and bacteria) Death can occur from a common cold or flu just because their immune system is so weakened (opportunistic infection) Sex Sharing needles (directly into blood veins) Mother to baby through breast milk Most common places it is and can be transmitted is in blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and other body fluids that contain blood. Common in homosexual male couples Cannot be transmitted through kissing or casual blood contact which is thought by many. AIDS cannot live outside the body and need direct contact to be transmitted. HIV tests look for HIV antibodies: When tested for HIV virus the doctors are NOT testing for the virus it’s self, but testing for the patients response to the virus (WBC count and CD-4 Helper T-cells) Blood Test Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Western Blot (test for specific viral components) Saliva & Urine Tests Rapid ELISA Preliminary – requires further testing All test methods are FDA approved Regular testing is required as it can take up to 3 months to develop the antibody after exposure Prevention: Use condoms Medication (for highrisk individuals) Tell partner HIV status Use clean needles Pregnancy treatment Male circumcision (this may be a prevention, unknown at this time) Education Treatment: NO cure NO vaccine Combination of medications to control virus replication and entry into CD4 cells United States Oregon (2011) (2012) Diagnoses: 49,273 Diagnoses: 257 (cdc.gov) (oregon.gov) Deadly in many cases Does not currently have a cure or vaccine Prevention is possible with proper education and treatment Affects many people worldwide www.mayoclinic.com www.HIVinfosource.org Disease research institute http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/signs-and-symptoms/ Nursing education and information publication http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/biology/Pages/stru cture.aspx Free content encyclopedia http://www.rn.com/getpdf.php/679.pdf?Main_Session=9a8c4e9fa25db5715 8191284da15878b Research clinic for men and women who are HIV + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS Medical professional research website Government AIDS information and education website http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/transmission.htm Government disease information and tracking website