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About Vaccinations Vaccinations protect people from specific diseases by boosting our body’s own defense system. Vaccination is also called immune system. Vaccination creates immunity that protects people from infections without causing to suffer from disease itself. How it Works Most vaccines contain little bit of a disease germ that is weak or dead but those are not the type of germs that make people sick. However some vaccines do not contain any germs. Having this little bit of the germ inside of our body makes body’s defense system to build antibodies to fight off the same kind of germs. Antibodies help trap and kill harmful germs. Body can make antibodies in two ways: by getting the actual disease or by getting the vaccination. Getting the vaccine is much safer way to make antibodies without suffering from diseases. Antibodies can stay in our body for a long time remembering how to fight off the germs. When real disease causing germ enters the body, it remembers and fight off. Explain the principle of vaccination Different vaccines are introduced into the body by different routes: into the muscle; into the skin; into the lungs; etc. After the first exposure to a vaccine (or any antigen), no antibodies are present in the blood for several days. Then there is a slow rise of antibodies in the blood, followed by a gradual decline. This gradual rise and decline is known as the primary response. Many of the B-cells that are produced during the primary response continue to circulate as memory cells, which can last for years or decades. Memory cells patrol for the return of a particular antigen. The memory cells are numerous so if they do encounter the appropriate antigen they carry out a secondary response, which is much faster than the primary response. Thus memory cells can terminate an infection before the individual gets sick. Hence the advantage of immunity. Following a secondary response, antibodies in the blood rise rapidly to a level that is much greater than before. Therefore many vaccines are given twice; the second vaccination is called the The Benefits and Dangers of Vaccination BENEFITS Vaccines are beneficial in that they have helped prevent millions of cases of infectious disease, and hundreds of thousands of deaths. DANGERS A vaccine acts by stimulating a person's own immune system to produce antibodies against parts of a bacterium or virus. When the person is once again exposed to that bacterium or virus, the body can quickly produce antibodies and prevent infection. In addition, vaccines can protect individuals who have not been immunized. Some vaccines contain toxic substances like mercury that may cause harmful side-effects. Alternatively, if patients are allergic to something in the vaccine it can, rarely, result in death. Vaccinations may make patient vulnerable to other illnesses as it can temporarily “overload” the immune system. Artificial immunity can be less effective than natural immunity. Use of too much vaccinations can result in the illness mutating to better resist said vaccination, causing stronger strains of illnesses overall. Vaccines typically contain mild strains of the illness, and thus the patient may actually get the illness as a result of the vaccination. For More Information/Bibliography: About the principles of vaccinations: “Explain the principles of vaccination.” IB Biology Syllabus. 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://ibbiology.wetpaint.com/page/Explain+the+principle+of+vaccination> About the benefits/dangers of vaccinations: "Discuss the Benefits and Dangers of Vaccination." IB Biology Syllabus. 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://ibbiology.wetpaint.com/page/Discuss+the+benefits+and+dangers+of+vaccin ation>. "How Are Vaccines Beneficial." The Q&A Wiki. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_are_vaccines_beneficial>. Phillips, Alan. "Vaccination Myths." Health, Wealth & Happiness. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://www.relfe.com/vaccine.html>.