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Lab 1 – Blood Composition and formed elements Plasma • 55% of whole blood • 90% water • 8% proteins from liver • 2% misc. • Nutrients: AA, glucose, lipids vitamins, minerals • Wastes: urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts, lactic acid • Gases: some CO2 and some O2 • Electrolytes: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++, H+ • Hormones 1 Formed Elements • Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the formed elements – 45% of whole blood • Leukocytes - WBCs • Erythrocytes - RBCs (99%) • Platelets – Thrombocytes - fragments • Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%) 2 Formed elements 1 Withdraw 2 Centrifuge the blood and place in tube. blood sample. 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Plasma • 55% of whole blood • Least dense component Buffy coat • Leukocytes and platelets • <1% of whole blood Erythrocytes • 45% of whole blood • Most dense component 3 Figure 17.1 Platelets Neutrophils 1/10/2010 Erythrocytes Monocyte Lymphocyte Mickey Dufilho 4 Figure 17.2 2.5 µm Side view (cut) 7.5 µm Top view 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 5 Figure 17.3 Leukocytes • Make up <1% of total blood volume • Can leave capillaries via diapedesis • Move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis • Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3 • Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 6 Granulocytes • Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils • Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright’s stain • Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs • Lobed nuclei • Phagocytic 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 7 Neutrophils • Most numerous WBCs • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) • Fine granules take up both acidic and basic dyes • Give the cytoplasm a lilac color • Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins • Very phagocytic—“bacteria slayers” 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 8 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus 1/10/2010 (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules Mickey Dufilho (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 9 Figure 17.10 (a-c) Eosinophils • 1 – 4% of WBC • Red-staining, bilobed nuclei • Red to crimson (acidophilic) coarse, lysosome-like granules • Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized • Modulators of the immune response 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 10 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus 1/10/2010 (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules Mickey Dufilho (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 11 Figure 17.10 (a-c) Basophils • Rarest WBCs • Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine • Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites • Are functionally similar to mast cells 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 12 (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus 1/10/2010 (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules Mickey Dufilho (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules 13 Figure 17.10 (a-c) Agranulocytes • Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes • Lack visible cytoplasmic granules • Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 14 Lymphocytes • 25% or more of WBC • Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm • Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the blood • Crucial to immunity • Two types • T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells • B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 15 (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus 1/10/2010 (e) Monocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus Mickey Dufilho 16 Figure 17.10d, e Monocytes • 4 – 8% of WBC • The largest leukocytes • Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm • Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei • Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages • Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections • Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 17 (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus 1/10/2010 (e) Monocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus Mickey Dufilho 18 Figure 17.10d, e Platelets • Small fragments of megakaryocytes • Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin • Blue-staining outer region, purple granules • Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) • Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels • Circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of blood vessels 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 19 Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocytoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho Platelets 20 Figure 17.12 Diagnostic Blood Tests • Hematocrit • Blood glucose tests • Microscopic examination reveals variations in size and shape of RBCs, indications of anemias 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 21 Diagnostic Blood Tests • Differential WBC count • Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis • SMAC, a blood chemistry profile • Complete blood count (CBC) 1/10/2010 Mickey Dufilho 22 Heart Anatomy • Approximately the size of your fist • Location • Superior surface of diaphragm • Left of the midline • Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum 23 Heart Anatomy 24 Figure 18.1 Aorta Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis Pectinate muscles Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Chordae tendineae Trabeculae carneae Inferior vena cava (e) Left pulmonary artery Left atrium Left pulmonary veins Mitral (bicuspid) valve Aortic valve Pulmonary valve Left ventricle Papillary muscle Interventricular septum Myocardium Visceral pericardium Endocardium 25 Figure 18.4e Heart Anatomy 26 Figure 18.1 Pericardial Layers of the Heart 27 Figure 18.2 Aorta Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis Pectinate muscles Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Chordae tendineae Trabeculae carneae Inferior vena cava (e) Left pulmonary artery Left atrium Left pulmonary veins Mitral (bicuspid) valve Aortic valve Pulmonary valve Left ventricle Papillary muscle Interventricular septum Myocardium Visceral pericardium Endocardium 28 Figure 18.4e Heart Valves 29 Figure 18.8a, b Heart Valves 30 Figure 18.8c, d Brachiocephalic trunk Superior vena cava Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Aortic arch Right pulmonary artery Ligamentum arteriosum Left pulmonary artery Ascending aorta Pulmonary trunk Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Right ventricle Marginal artery Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava (b) Left pulmonary veins Left atrium Auricle Circumflex artery Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Left ventricle Great cardiac vein Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Apex 31 Figure 18.4b Aorta Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Auricle of left atrium Left atrium Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Great cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Posterior vein of left ventricle Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Coronary sinus Apex Posterior interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus) Middle cardiac vein (d) Right ventricle Left ventricle 32 Figure 18.4d