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Classical Conditioning Learning What is it? The process through which a response previously made only to a specific stimulus is made to another stimulus that has been paired repeatedly with the original stimulus. Ivan Pavlov’s dog experiment--stimuli & responses Unconditioned response (UCR)= response that is elicited by a stimulus without prior learning. Ex: Mouth watering (when dog sees/smells food) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)= stimulus that elicits a specific response without prior learning. Ex: Food (makes dog’s mouth water) Conditioned stimulus (CS)= neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an UCS, become associated with it & elicits a conditioned response. Ex: Bell paired with food (makes dog’s mouth water) Conditioned Response (CR)= response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. Ex: Mouth waters when hear a bell (that had been paired with food) Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization & Discrimination Extinction= Weakening & disappearance of a learned response due to repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS Ex: Hear bell, no food appears Spontaneous Discovery= Reappearance of an extinguished response when an organism is exposed to the original conditioning stimulus following a rest period Ex: Hear bell, given food again Generalization= Tendency to make a CR to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus Ex: Mouth waters when hear a telephone ring (similar to a bell) Discrimination= Learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the CR occurs only to the original conditioning stimulus but not to similar stimuli Ex: Baby calls all men daddy, until she realizes she only gets a positive response from one man John Watson “Little Albert” John Watson sought to prove that fear can be classically conditioned When Albert reached for a white rat (that he liked to play with), Watson struck a steel bar with a hammer near Albert’s head The sound made Albert jump, fall forward and whimper Watson continued to pair the rat with the loud noise Eventually Albert began to cry at the sight of the rat alone UCS = loud noise UCR= jump, fall, whimper NS = white rat CS = white rat CR = cry Albert’s fear was generalized to a white bunny, and somewhat less to Watson’s hair and a Santa mask Conclusion: conditioned fears “persist and modify personality” John Watson Peter How can you remove conditioned fears? Peter = afraid of white rats, fur coat, feathers, cotton, fur rug Watson and Mary Cover Jones gave Peter food he liked, brought white rabbit into room Over the course of 38 therapy sessions, the rabbis was brought closer to Peter, who continued to enjoy his cookies Peter’s friends brought in to play with the rabbit—Peter sees that the rabbit is not a threat Eventually, the rabbit is put into Peter’s lap as he ate and Peter liked it! Fear is gone Everyday Conditioning Example of neutral cue that has become associated with people, objects, or situations and develop the power to elicit the same feeling as the original stimulus in YOUR life. Example: Sarah McLachlan’s Angel makes me cry because it was played at my grandma’s funeral Factors Influencing Classical Conditioning Number (#) of pairings of the CS and the UCS (greater # = stronger CR). Intensity of the UCS (stronger UCS paired with CS, then CR will be stronger and faster). How reliably the CS predicts the UCS. Ex: Bell that’s always followed by food will cause more salivation. Temporal relationship between the CS and the UCS. (ideal time =1/2 second)