Download LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

Slide 1
A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
1
Introduction
John W. Santrock
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Introduction
• The Life-Span Perspective
• The Nature of Development
• Theories of Development
• Research in Life-Span Development
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
The Life-Span Perspective
The Life-Span Perspective
• Development — pattern of
change that begins at conception
and continues through life span
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Slide 4
The Life-Span Perspective
The Importance of Studying
Life-Span Development
• Personal insight
• Explore growth and decline
• Experiences influence development
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Slide 5
The Life-Span Perspective
Views of Child Development
Original sin view
Children are born into a world
corrupted with inclination
toward evil
Tabla rasa view
Children born as “blank slates”
and acquire characteristics
through experience (Locke)
Innate goodness
view
Children born inherently good
(Rousseau)
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Slide 6
The Life-Span Perspective
Adult Development
– Life expectancy — average number of
years a person is expected to live when
born in a particular year
– Developmental change occurs during
adulthood as well as childhood
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Slide 7
The Life-Span Perspective
The Aging of America
Fig. 1.2
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Slide 8
The Life-Span Perspective
Family Policy
• Social policy — laws, regulations,
and government programs that
influence citizens’ welfare
– U.S. family policies overwhelmingly
treatment oriented
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Slide 9
The Life-Span Perspective
Characteristics of the
Life-Span Perspective
– Lifelong
– Multidimensional
– Multidirectional
– Plastic
– Contextual
– Multidisciplinary
– Individualistic
• Growth
• Maintenance
• Regulation
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Slide 10
The Life-Span Perspective
Development is Contextual
Normative agegraded influences
Biological and environmental
influences are similar for
individuals in a particular age
group
Normative history- Biological and environmental
graded influences influences are associated
with history
Non-normative life Unusual occurrences that
have a major impact on a
events
specific person’s life
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
The Nature of Development
Processes in Development
Fig. 1.4
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Slide 12
The Nature of Development
Percentage of Poor and Middle-Income Children
Exposed to Each of Six Stressors
Fig. 1.3
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Slide 13
The Nature of Development
Periods of Development
• Prenatal Period
• Adolescence
•
• Infancy
• Early adulthood
• Early childhood
• Middle adulthood
• Middle and late
childhood
• Late adulthood
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
The Nature of Development
Periods of Development
• Each period of the life span has its own
stresses, ups and downs, and concerns.
• Older adults have different views than
children or adolescents.
• How does satisfaction in life relate to age?
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Slide 15
The Nature of Development
Age and Happiness
Fig. 1.6
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Slide 16
The Nature of Development
Conceptions of Age
• Chronological age — number of years
elapsed since person’s birth
• Biological age — age in terms of biological
health
• Psychological age — individual’s adaptive
capacities
• Social age — social roles and expectations
related to person’s age
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
The Nature of Development
Developmental Issues
Extent to which development
Nature and Nurture is influenced by nature and
by nurture
Stability and
Change
Degree to which early traits
and characteristics persist
through life or change
ContinuityDiscontinuity
Extent development involves
gradual, cumulative change
(continuity) or distinct stages
(discontinuity)
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Slide 18
The Nature of Development
Continuity and Discontinuity
in Development
Fig. 1.8
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Slide 19
Theories of Development
Theories of Development
• Theory — interrelated set of ideas that
helps to explain data, make predictions
• Hypotheses — assertions or predictions,
often derived from theories that can be
tested
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Slide 20
Theories of Development
Theories of Development
• Scientific method:
– Conceptualize a problem to be studied
– Collect research information/data
– Analyze data
– Draw conclusions
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Slide 21
Theories of Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
• Development depends primarily on
the unconscious mind
– Heavily couched in emotion
– Behavior is a surface characteristic
– Important to analyze symbolic
meanings of behavior
– Early experiences important in
development
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Theories of Development
Freud’s
Psychosexual Theory
• Id, ego, and superego create
personality
• Repression
• Anxiety and defense mechanisms
• Five stages of psychosexual
development
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Slide 23
Theories of Development
Freudian Stages
Fig. 1.9
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Slide 24
Theories of Development
Erikson’s
Psychosocial Theory
• Eight stages of development
– Unique development task confronts
individuals with crisis that must be
resolved
– Positive resolution builds foundation
for healthy development
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Slide 25
Theories of Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Fig. 1.10
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Slide 26
Theories of Development
Evaluating the
Psychoanalytic Theories
• Contributions include
– Emphasis on early experiences, family
relationships, and the unconscious mind
• Criticisms include
– Difficulty in testing, negativity, cultural
and gender bias, sexual underpinnings
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 27
Theories of Development
Cognitive Theories
• Children actively construct understanding
• Piaget’s cognitive development theory
• Four stages of development — age-related
• Based on logical thinking and skills
• Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
• Children actively construct their knowledge
• Emphasizes culture and social interactions
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 28
Theories of Development
Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive
Development
Fig. 1.11
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Slide 29
Theories of Development
Information-Processing Approach
• Brain is compared to computer’s hardware
• Cognition is viewed as computer software
• Individuals acquire increasingly complex
information
• Thinking: perceive, encode, represent,
store, and retrieve information
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Slide 30
Theories of Development
Information-Processing Theory
culture
literature
science
INPUT
history
OUTPUT
religion
math
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Slide 31
Theories of Development
Evaluating Cognitive Theories
• Contributions include
– Active construction of understanding,
importance of developmental changes,
detailed descriptions
• Criticisms include
– Lack of individual variation, information
processing approach lacks clarity, and
emphasis on unconscious processes
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 32
Theories of Development
Behavioral Theories
• Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
– Neutral stimulus paired with active stimulus
to produce response
• Watson’s Conditioning of ‘little Albert’
– Involuntary responses are learned
• Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
– Consequences, rewards and punishment,
shape behavior
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Slide 33
Theories of Development
Social Cognitive Theories
• Bandura
– Emphasizes observational learning
– Focus on reciprocal interactions among
behavior, cognition, and environment
(any one can influence the others)
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Slide 34
Theories of Development
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model
Fig. 1.12
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Slide 35
Theories of Development
Evaluating the Behavioral and
Social Cognitive Theories
• Contributions include
– Emphasis on scientific research, person and
cognitive factors, environmental determinants,
and observational learning
• Criticisms include
– Lack of focus on cognition, too little attention to
developmental changes, and overemphasis on
environmental determinants
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 36
Theories of Development
Ethological Theory
• Behavior is
– Strongly influenced by biology
– Tied to evolution
– Characterized by critical or sensitive periods
– Emphasized in environmental contexts
• Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
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Slide 37
Theories of Development
Evaluating Ethological Theory
• Contributions include
– Emphasis on biology and evolution,
sensitive periods of development, and
careful observations
• Criticisms include
– Emphasis on biological foundations,
inadequate attention to cognition,
emphasis on animal behavior
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 38
Theories of Development
Ecological Theory
• Bronfenbrenner’s view that
development influenced by five
environmental systems
– Microsystem
– Mesosystem
– Exosystem
– Macrosystem
– Chronosystem
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Slide 39
Theories of Development
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
Fig. 1.13
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Slide 40
Theories of Development
Sociocultural Contexts
• Key dimensions include
– Cross-cultural studies — comparisons of
one culture with one or more other cultures
– Ethnicity — range of characteristics
rooted in cultural heritage
– Gender — psychological and sociocultural
dimension of being female or male
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 41
Theories of Development
Evaluating Ecological Theory
• Contributions include
– Emphasis on macro and micro dimensions
and socio-historical influences
• Criticisms include
– Lacks emphasis on biological foundations and
inadequate attention to cognitive processes
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 42
Theories of Development
Family Contexts
• Children in non-poor environments were
more likely than those in poor homes to
– Get responses to their speech
– Have toys or interesting activities
– Have more books of their own
– See their father daily
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 43
Theories of Development
Parents’ explanations of science to
sons and daughters at a science
museum
Fig. 1.16
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Slide 44
Research in Life-Span Development
Methods for Collecting Data
• Standardized tests
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Cross-cultural concerns
• Physiological measures
– MRIs and blood tests
• Case study
• Life-history record
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 45
Research in Life-Span Development
Research Designs
• Descriptive research
• Correlational research
– Correlation coefficient and range
– Correlation does not equal causation
• Experimental research
– Independent and dependent variables
– Experimental and control groups
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Slide 46
Research in Life-Span Development
Possible Explanations for
Correlational Data
Fig. 1.17
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Slide 47
Research in Life-Span Development
Time Span of Research
• Cross-Sectional Approach — individuals
of different ages are compared at one time
• Longitudinal Approach — same
individuals studied over period of time
• Sequential Approach — combined
cross-sectional, longitudinal design
• Cohorts and their effects
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 48
Research in Life-Span Development
Principles of Experimental Research
Fig. 1.18
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 49
Research in Life-Span Development
Research Ethics
• Informed consent
• Confidentiality
• Debriefing
• Deception
• Cultural and ethnic bias
– ‘Ethnic gloss’ and over-generalizing
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 50
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The End
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.