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Explaining Drug Use and Abuse Consider the following in the context of society and culture Who What How Where and When Why How Much Considering the costs and consequences of drug use and abuse, why do people continue to use drugs? Explain. Six reasons why today drug use and abuse is a serious problem • · ¸ since 1960 to the present, drug use, and/or abuse has increased dramatically illicit drugs are more potent than in the past drugs have become commonplace and a multibillion-dollar-a-year business Six reasons why today drug use and abuse is a serious problem drug use physically harms members of society drug use and drug dealing by violent gangs are steadily increasing at an alarming rate serious accidents caused by drug users is greater as people become more dependent on technology Biological explanations for the use and abuse of drugs. Genetic theory – predisposition to drug use can be found in the gene structure “Addiction to pleasure” it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulation when drugs are proven to be a pleasurable experience Biological explanations for the use and abuse of drugs. Q. All the major biological explanations related to drug abuse assume that these substances exert their psychoactive effects by altering brain chemistry. Drugs of abuse interfere with chemical messengers of the brain called . A. neurotransmitters Biological explanations for the use and abuse of drugs. Q. It is generally believed that most drugs with abuse potential enhance the pleasure centers by causing the release of what specific brain neurotransmitter? A. dopamine Genetic explanations for contribution to drug abuse vulnerability psychiatric disorders that are genetically determined may be relieved by drugs of abuse, this encouraging their use in some people, reward centers of the brain may be genetically determined Genetic explanations for contribution to drug abuse vulnerability character traits, such as insecurity and vulnerability, may be genetically determined factors that determine how difficult it will be to break a drug addiction may be genetically determined Psychological explanations for the use and abuse of drugs. The American Psychiatric Association classifies severe drug dependence as a form of psychiatric disorder. Drugs that are abused can cause mental conditions that mimic major psychiatric illnesses. Psychological explanations for the use and abuse of drugs. Because of the similarities between, and coexistence of, substance-related and psychiatric disorders, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the two problems. Psychological explanations for the use and abuse of drugs. substance use (or abuse) disorder can be identified by the presence of the following features and their associate criteria: substance dependence – – – substance abuse substance intoxications substance withdrawal Psychological explanations for the use and abuse of drugs. personality and drug use introversion extroversion Theories based on learning conditioning the close association or pairing of one significant reinforcing stimulus with another less significant or neutral stimulus habituation – repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual Theories based on learning “addiction to pleasure” theory this theory assumes that it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus when once begun Sociological social psychology learning theories If the effects of drug use become personally rewarding, “or become reinforcing through conditioning, the chances of continuing to use are greater than for stopping.” differential reinforcement Social influence theories social learning role of significant others labeling subculture Social influence theories Social learning theory explains drug use as a form of learned behavior Social influence and the role of significant others – the use of drugs is learned during intimate interaction with others who serve as a primary group Social influence theories labeling theory explains that other people we consider important can influence whether drug use becomes an option for us subcultural theory explains that peer pressure is at the origin of drug experimentation, use, an/or abuse Structural influence theories Structural influence theories view the organization of a society, group, or subculture as responsible for drug use and abuse by its members. Social disorganization theory Social strain theory Structural influence theories Control theories control theories believe that if left to their own nature, individuals have a tendency to deviate from expected cultural values, norms, and attitudes socialization internal control external control Control theories Individual Internal Control External Social Control Strong Weak Strong Least likely Less likely Weak More likely Most likely Danger signals of drug abuse Do those close to you often ask about your drug use? Have they noticed any changes in your moods or behavior? Are you defensive if a friend or relative mentions your drug or alcohol use? Are you sometimes embarrassed or frightened by your behavior under the influence of drugs including alcohol?