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Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis Human Geography Chapter 5 Language and Religion: Mosaics of Culture LANGUAGE A QUICK REVIEW The Classification of Languages • What is Language? • Language Families? • Subfamilies, branches, or groups? • Protolanguage? • Genetic Classification? World Pattern of Languages • Language Spread – Different forms of diffusion •Relocation Diffusion? –Culture is transported •Hierarchical Diffusion? –Status •Expansion Diffusion? –With partial or total acculturation of the adopting population Language Change • English – Gradual and cumulative changes – Before the 18th century, the English language gained thousands of words from the Latin, Greek, and French languages – After the discovery and colonization of new lands, aboriginal American, Australian, and African names were adopted Standard and Variant Languages • Standard Language? – Came from the dialect of the most powerful and prestigious • Dialects? Soda or Pop? – Social dialects? – Vernacular language? – Geographic or regional dialects? • Linguistic geography? - Isogloss? • Pidgins and Creoles – Amalgam of languages – Simplified form Spanglish Spanglish Song Runglish – Creole language is a pidgin language with a more complex structure and vocabulary that has become the native language of a group of people. Cajun Standard and Variant Languages • Lingua Franca – A lingua franca is a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The message on the back of the bench is written in the lingua franca known to virtually all Indian migrants to the Arabian Peninsula. © Alexander B. Murphy. . Standard and Variant Languages Multilingualism • Monolingual states are countries where almost everyone speaks the same language. Ex.: Japan, Uruguay, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Lesotho • Countries in which more than one language is in use are called multilingual states. Language, Territoriality, and Identity • Recognition and Autonomy Insert figure 5.15 © Barbara Weightman Photo by Mark Bjellend Language, Territoriality, and Identity Official Languages • Countries with linguistic fragmentation often adopt an official language (or languages) to tie the people together. • A State adopts an official language in the hope of promoting communication and interaction among peoples who speak different local and regional languages. • The official languages in a country are a reflection of the country’s history. Should the U.S. adopt an official Language? Language on the Landscape: Toponymy (The study of place names) • Cultural geographer Yi-Fu Tuan has studied the role and function of language in the shaping of places. • Each place has a unique location and constitutes a reflection of human activities, ideas, and tangible, durable creations. • Tuan argued that by simply naming a place, people in effect call that place into being, and thereby impart a certain character to it = toponyms. The Ten Toponyms • English Professor George Stewart What Role Does Language Play in Making Places? Toponyms and Globalization • The toponyms we see on a map depend in large part on who produced the map. • Some embattled locales have more than one name at the same time. • Ex.: Argentineans refer to a small cluster (archipelago) of islands off the southeast coast of South America as the Malvinas, but the British call the same cluster of islands the Falkland Islands. . What Role Does Language Play in Making Places? Changing Toponyms • Postcolonial Toponyms: New governments renamed several countries and newly independent countries also changed the names of cities and towns to reflect their independence. • Postrevolution Toponyms: Changes in power through coups and revolutions prompt name changes. • Memorial Toponyms: People change a toponym to memorialize an important person or event. The Geography of Language Study Guide Review Human Geography 10e Classification of Religion • Impact on Culture • Classification of Religion – Monotheism and Polytheism • Classification based on religion’s distribution and patterns and processes of diffusion: – Universalizing Religions – Ethnic Religions – Tribal or Traditional Religions Human Geography 11e Patterns and Flows • The World Pattern Human Geography 11e Patterns and Flows • Diffusion Insert figure 5.20 Human Geography 11e The Principal Religions • Judaism • Christianity – Regions and landscapes of Christianity • Islam • Hinduism • Buddhism • East Asian Ethnic Religions Human Geography 11e Judaism • • • • Ethnic religion Middle East origins Diaspora Two separate branches of Judaism developed in Europe during the Middle Ages: – Sephardim (Iberian Peninsula) – Ashkenazim (Eastern Europe) Human Geography 11e • Zionism – The belief in the need to create an autonomous Jewish state in Palestine Christianity • Universalizing • Middle East origins • Diffusion – Expansion – Hierarchical • From provincial capitals to smaller settlements – Contagious – Relocation Human Geography 11e © Corbis RF • European Imperialism • Schism – Divided Medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Roman) branches • Protestant Reformation • Landscapes of Christianity Islam • • • • • • Universalizing Middle East origin Holy book: Koran Five pillars Diffusion Sunni & Shi’ite Sects Human Geography 11e • Five Pillars – Profession of faith – Prayers – Giving of alms – Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan – Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca Islam © Photodisc/Getty RF Human Geography 11e Hinduism • • • • • • • World’s oldest major religion Ethnic religion South Asia origins Diffusion Caste Reincarnation Karma Human Geography 11e Buddhism • • • • Universalizing South Asia Origins Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha Sects – Theravada – Mahayana – Vajrayana • Diffusion Human Geography 11e